Eviroment
Greenhouse effect
• Greenhouse
- small building made from glass
- through glass sunshine goes but not back and in greenhouse is warm for plant
• native greenhouse effect
- it exists because of our Earth, it is useful for having a good temperature on Earth
• anthropogenic greenhouse effect
- it exists because of people, people cut forest and burning fossil fuels and so on
- in atmosphere are a lot of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide CO2, water, methane CH4 and so on)
- greenhouse gases function like glass in greenhouse (sunshine goes through the greenhouse gases but not back and in greenhouse is warm for our people and our Earth)
• dissolving of glaciers, the water level goes up
Acid rain
• native acid rain
- because of carbon dioxide CO2, it is in atmosphere
- it mixed with water CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 carbonic acid
- on land fallen acid rain
• anthropogenic acid rain
- because of sulphur dioxide SO2, it is in volcano and in fossil fuels
- it mixed with oxygen SO2 + O2 → SO3 sulphur trioxide
- it mixed with water SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 sulphuric acid
- on land fallen acid rain
- because of nitrogen oxide NO, it is in cars
• it destroys trees
• in land: it destroys plants and animals have not food
• in water: it destroys fishes and water plants
• in civilisation: it destroys buildings Notre Dame in Paris
Ozone hole
• ozone
- it’s type of oxygen, there are 3 atoms of oxygen, write: O3
- we need it because ozone absorbs dangerous UV (Ultraviolet) rays and protects our Earth
- ozone is in stratosphere, it’s layer in 10 to 50 km from Earth
- it’s toxic for people
• how and when ozone originate (= vzniknout)?
- ozone originated million years ago
- when flowers growed under water and on Earth wasn’t life, there wasn’t life because of UV rays
- the flowers in water made photosynthesis and oxygen got above water and because of UV rays started to joined and it originate ozone O3
- after that Earth was save and life could go from water
• hole
- people release (= uvolňovat) chemicals into atmosphere
- chemicals – it means CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and halons we started to produce it in 1930 – we used it in refrigerators (= chladnička), air conditioners, cleaning fluids (= tekutina), they were parts of aerosol sprays for many years
- but most horrible are factories, they used the higgest percent of this chemicals
- in 1974 scientists say hypothesis: CFCs are getting into stratosphere and they are destroying ozone layer
- now we know it’s true and it’s horrible true
- the first we can see ozone hole in 80’s above the Antarctic, today ozone hole is above South America, Australia and all north hemisphere
• what happen in stratosphere?
1) CFCs escape into atmosphere and attack ozone f.ex. chlorine attacks molecule of O3, it takes one oxygen and now there isn’t ozone, there are only chlorine monoxide ClO and oxygen O2
2) chlorine monoxide ClO meets oxygen O and it creates chlorine Cl and oxygen O2
3) chlorine Cl can attacks molecule of O3 again
- one atom chlorine destroys 100 000 ozone molecules, it means ozone can’t replenish (= doplnit) and in ozone layer is hole now
- in 1990, most of industrial nations agreed to stop using this chemicals, but some nations are using it now
- exactly: in 1987 was rewrote Montreal treaty – it treaty about reduction and stopping production of CFCs
- but if all factories and homes stop to using this chemicals and never used again, the ozone layer will be still destroyed by this chemical for 100 years because chemicals standing in ozone layer for 100 years
• what does it mean for our Earth?
- dissolving of glaciers because of hot
- cancer (= rakovina) because of UV rays – typical is skin cancer (= rakovina kůže) because of sunbathing on UV rays
- gen mutation (sheeps on mountains have a big problems today – problems with eyes)
- sunshine is most important for flowers, vegetables and fruits, they are smaller, product less photosynthesis, we have less oxygen
- reduction immunity
Recycling
• important in this days
• process when you can use one product more times and economize (= šetřit) nature
• before houses are dustbin (= popelnice) with special colours: blue – papers, yellow – plastic, green – glass
Pollution of seas and rivers
• because of fertiliser (= hnojivo) in agriculture, chemical protection of plants, production of chemical materials, rubbish, sewage drains (= domovní kanalizace), industry
• materials: nitrogen, ammonia, cyanophytes
• fishes are dieing, less fresh water, diseases
Climate
• in The Czech Republic
• temperate climatic zone, heart of Europe
• climate divided into 4 parts – 4 season: spring, summer, autumn and winter
- spring – begins on 21st of March, life wakes up after long winter sleep, first flowers are: snowdrops (= sněženky), snowflakes (= bledule), crocus, dandelions (= pampelišky), daffodils, purple violet, catkins (= kočičky), first birds are: swallows, starlings (= špačci)
– in April is weather changeable (at the morning is raining and at the afternoon sun is shinning)
– through spring are typical temperatures between 5 to 15 degrees above zero during day and around zero during night, sometimes sun shines but no so strong, it rains a lot
- summer – is my favourite season, because of sun, warm, amount of colour, it begins on 21st of June, typical is flowers everywhere (on land, on trees), sky is blue and it is sunny, for summer is typical storm or thunderstorm too
– we gather (= sbírat) cherries, grapes, summer apples, plums on our garden
– through summer are temperatures 25 degrees above zero and more during day and 10 to 15 degrees
above zero during night
– days are longer and nights are shorter, the day light is good for psychical feels
- autumn – begins on 23rd September, typical is red, orange and yellow colours on tree, on land and on fruits
– I don’t like this season – back to school, good bay holidays, chilly days, low temperature, more and cold rain, more mud
– Indian summer – it means nice and hot weather during autumn
– we gather (= sbírat) apples, pears, plums on our garden
– trees: maples (= javory), birches (= břízy), beeches (= buky), oaks (= duby) become yellow, orange, brown, red but pines (= smrky) are firs (= jedle) are always green
– birds are preparing for journey to south
– at the morning can be first freeze and typical is 5 to 10 degrees above zero during day and 5 to 0 degrees during night
- winter – begins on 21st of December
– first snowfalls, wind, cold, rain + snow
– I love it, it is snow everywhere (everything looks like clean), you can throwing snowballs, build snowman, sledging, skating
– during winter, there is Christmas – days with family, a lot of food, presents, buying a lot of
– typical is 2 degrees above zero and 5 to degrees below zero during day and 5 to 10 degrees below zero during night
– sometimes is hard frost, snow storm, 20 degrees below zero
– sometimes is not winter, 20 degrees above zero, slush
• in The United Kingdom
• temperate climatic zone, it is island
• mild and rainy climate because of ocean
- summer not so warm
- winter not so cold
- typical is fog, rain, wind, chilly and very changeable weather (at the morning is raining and at the afternoon sun is shinning and at the evening is rain too) – English love to talk about weather, they start talk with question about weather
• in The United States of America
• from temperate climatic zone to subtropical climatic zone
• temperate: 4 season, mild climate
• subtropical: more hot, more sun, a lot of rain
- summer is dry and so hot
- winter is wet and colder
• climate is influenced by oceans stream and oceans too
Climatic zone
• artic
- the north and south of our Earth
- so cold
- polar day – half of year is day and light, polar night – half of year is night and dark (depressive)
- extremely cold and long winter, 25 to 50 degrees below zero, cold wind, snow storm, soil is frozen
• temperate
- typical is 4 season: spring, summer, autumn, winter – every season is 3 months
- hot, cold, mild climate
- variable – a lot of kinds of animals, trees, weather
- temperature is between 5 degrees below zero to 30 degrees above zero
• subtropical
- only 2 season: winter and summer
- summer is dry and so hot, winter is wet and colder, it has warm rain
- temperature is between 10 degrees to 30 degrees above zero
• tropical
- only 1 season: summer
- very wet, typical is warm rain or hot day
- temperature is between 25 to 50 degrees above zero
Travelling
1) Travelling
• all people on the world travel, people travelled in history and they travel at present too
• reasons of travelling:
- learning about new places, countries, new people (Africa – most interesting continent, there lives people, who you never see before, with different religion, style of life, weather)
- business, political reasons (businessmen travel several times by day because of their work)
- cultural reasons
- scientific purpose = účel (to travel to Alaska, to deserts in Africa, tropical rain forests in South America)
• can be dangerous: you can meet bad people, get lost, be murdered, they can stole your money, it is better not travel alone, you can get lost or you can stole documentation (passport, identity card, air tickets for return journey)
• accidents: on sea: ship sink, you can sink in ship or on sea, cold wather – freeze to death, in the air: plane fallen down, today kidnapping of plane, on the road: 700 death people by year, on car driving lessons instructor show death people on road without legs or head
• in 21. centruies is possible travel on land: car, motorcycle, public transport, train, bicycle, by sea: ship, boat, ferry, yacht, in the air: hovercraft, helicopter (expensive), plane
• various means of transport
- earlier: on foot, on horseback
advantage: one – ecological, only disadvantage: uncomfortable, dangerous, quickly tired, no long way
- car, motorcycle
advantage: comfortable, fast, can stop where you want and you can arrive want you want, disadvantage: traffic jams, air pollution, you need driver or driving licence, check fuel = palivo – petrol station, oil, expensive
- bus, tram, underground it is public transport – the most often
advantage: fast, cheap, underground without traffic jams and tram and underground are ecological, disadvantage: bus isn’t ecological, it leaves in definite = určitý time and it stops at bus stop
- railways – train – don’t like it, dealy
• fast, slow train, left lugage office (Olomouc), emergency handle, washroom, wainting room, platform, time table, subway, slot machine, booking hall, locker, information
advantage: modern train – diesel and electric engines = lokomotivy, comfortable, there is sleeping car, dining car, toilet, fast, disadvantage: old trains are noisy, dirty, uncomfortable, sometimes expensive
- plane – my favourite
- at the airport: come soon, show anything to declare, detector of metal, wait in waiting room (duty free shop – big triangle chocolate), show boarding card
- driving 2 pilots, air hostess (stewards) get you instructions about accident, exits, life jacket = záchranná vesta, about temperature outside and about temperature of country where you are travelling
advantage: the fastest transport, comfortable, you get food, air hostess (stewards) care of you, you can watch a film, you can see clouds or land, disadvantage: the airports aren’t in all town, you must get to this town, very dangerous recently
- ship – it was typical in 20. centuries, you used it only for way over the ocean - want to try
advantage: it can be romantic way recently, disadvantage: you can be seasick, dangerous
- bicycle – with Ondra sometimes
advantage: it is ecological, you can go where you want, it can be relax for somebody, it’s faster than go by foot, disadvantage: very fast cycling can be dangerous, quickly tired
- hitchhike – once, nevermore
advantage: very cheap disadvantage: dangerous
- untypical travelling: sailing on a yacht, hot-air ballooning, skateboarding, roller-skating
My travelling
• I sometimes like travelling but sometimes no: it depends on typ of travel (to school, to grandmother, to Switzerland, to my father...)
• I visited 4 countries: Switzerland (family), Bulgaria (holiday, 2 times, with Ondra), Croatia (holiday, stones in sea), Germany (family – stepfather’s sister)
• I’d like to visit Spain (love this country, wild blood, dance, sights, sea, beaches, food, wine and a lot of sun – hot!) and Japan (history, sights, flovers, bonsaies, houses, food, cultural, fighter sports)
• I’d like to try have a holiday on desert island but with somebody (with Ondra or friends, only holiday, try to live without people, phone, TV)
• I never have holiday on mountains (hotel or cottage, with friends too, snowboard, cable-car go up)
• I have gone by plane 3 times to 2x Switzerland, Bulgaria
to Switzerland: with grand mother, stepbrothers to family, hectic, have come late at the airport, we must check-in very quickly, the slowest women, go to detector of metal and to sit into plane, my stepbrothers speak German,...
to Bulgaria: with Ondra and family, have come soon and wait a hour, have eat, reclaim looks like ring, it move and our baggage were on it
• worst travelling – in microbus to atlethic races, few seats, in boot, police
• my typical travel is by bus – every morning at 6.50, on the beginning of month you need money for buy tickets, after that you can buy week ticket or month ticket it’s cheaper, drivers unplesant
• underground – used only in Prague, come every 5 minutes, very quick, cheaper, but crowded
• need to travel: valid = platný passport and for some countries visa = vízum necessary, health insurance = pojištění, need to change money
• luggage (GB) / baggage (USA)
- suitcase = kufr na oblečení, briefcase = diplomatka, trunk = lodní kufr
- bag, rucksack [raksek]
- clothing and cosmetic
- write address of place where you will have holiday and your own address
• travel agencies
- you must choose good agency
- it arrange = zařídit trips, tickets, *accommodations
• foreign language: most people in world speak English, in Europe also German, French and Russian
accommodation
• room in a hotel, can be booked = zapsán, rezervován by letter, phone or via = prostřednictvím email
• can to be in: hotels, inns (in the country) and pubs (in the towns); hostels (for young people)
• when you enter a hotel: fill in the registration form at receptionist’s desk (name, permanent address, nationality, time of stay, number of identity card), get a key of the room or card
• typical equipment in hotel room: bathroom, bedroom, where is wardrobe, bed, mirror, table
• typical facilities in hotel: restaurant, dancing place, swimming pool, fitness centre, sauna, hairdresser
• all people on the world travel, people travelled in history and they travel at present too
• reasons of travelling:
- learning about new places, countries, new people (Africa – most interesting continent, there lives people, who you never see before, with different religion, style of life, weather)
- business, political reasons (businessmen travel several times by day because of their work)
- cultural reasons
- scientific purpose = účel (to travel to Alaska, to deserts in Africa, tropical rain forests in South America)
• can be dangerous: you can meet bad people, get lost, be murdered, they can stole your money, it is better not travel alone, you can get lost or you can stole documentation (passport, identity card, air tickets for return journey)
• accidents: on sea: ship sink, you can sink in ship or on sea, cold wather – freeze to death, in the air: plane fallen down, today kidnapping of plane, on the road: 700 death people by year, on car driving lessons instructor show death people on road without legs or head
• in 21. centruies is possible travel on land: car, motorcycle, public transport, train, bicycle, by sea: ship, boat, ferry, yacht, in the air: hovercraft, helicopter (expensive), plane
• various means of transport
- earlier: on foot, on horseback
advantage: one – ecological, only disadvantage: uncomfortable, dangerous, quickly tired, no long way
- car, motorcycle
advantage: comfortable, fast, can stop where you want and you can arrive want you want, disadvantage: traffic jams, air pollution, you need driver or driving licence, check fuel = palivo – petrol station, oil, expensive
- bus, tram, underground it is public transport – the most often
advantage: fast, cheap, underground without traffic jams and tram and underground are ecological, disadvantage: bus isn’t ecological, it leaves in definite = určitý time and it stops at bus stop
- railways – train – don’t like it, dealy
• fast, slow train, left lugage office (Olomouc), emergency handle, washroom, wainting room, platform, time table, subway, slot machine, booking hall, locker, information
advantage: modern train – diesel and electric engines = lokomotivy, comfortable, there is sleeping car, dining car, toilet, fast, disadvantage: old trains are noisy, dirty, uncomfortable, sometimes expensive
- plane – my favourite
- at the airport: come soon, show anything to declare, detector of metal, wait in waiting room (duty free shop – big triangle chocolate), show boarding card
- driving 2 pilots, air hostess (stewards) get you instructions about accident, exits, life jacket = záchranná vesta, about temperature outside and about temperature of country where you are travelling
advantage: the fastest transport, comfortable, you get food, air hostess (stewards) care of you, you can watch a film, you can see clouds or land, disadvantage: the airports aren’t in all town, you must get to this town, very dangerous recently
- ship – it was typical in 20. centuries, you used it only for way over the ocean - want to try
advantage: it can be romantic way recently, disadvantage: you can be seasick, dangerous
- bicycle – with Ondra sometimes
advantage: it is ecological, you can go where you want, it can be relax for somebody, it’s faster than go by foot, disadvantage: very fast cycling can be dangerous, quickly tired
- hitchhike – once, nevermore
advantage: very cheap disadvantage: dangerous
- untypical travelling: sailing on a yacht, hot-air ballooning, skateboarding, roller-skating
My travelling
• I sometimes like travelling but sometimes no: it depends on typ of travel (to school, to grandmother, to Switzerland, to my father...)
• I visited 4 countries: Switzerland (family), Bulgaria (holiday, 2 times, with Ondra), Croatia (holiday, stones in sea), Germany (family – stepfather’s sister)
• I’d like to visit Spain (love this country, wild blood, dance, sights, sea, beaches, food, wine and a lot of sun – hot!) and Japan (history, sights, flovers, bonsaies, houses, food, cultural, fighter sports)
• I’d like to try have a holiday on desert island but with somebody (with Ondra or friends, only holiday, try to live without people, phone, TV)
• I never have holiday on mountains (hotel or cottage, with friends too, snowboard, cable-car go up)
• I have gone by plane 3 times to 2x Switzerland, Bulgaria
to Switzerland: with grand mother, stepbrothers to family, hectic, have come late at the airport, we must check-in very quickly, the slowest women, go to detector of metal and to sit into plane, my stepbrothers speak German,...
to Bulgaria: with Ondra and family, have come soon and wait a hour, have eat, reclaim looks like ring, it move and our baggage were on it
• worst travelling – in microbus to atlethic races, few seats, in boot, police
• my typical travel is by bus – every morning at 6.50, on the beginning of month you need money for buy tickets, after that you can buy week ticket or month ticket it’s cheaper, drivers unplesant
• underground – used only in Prague, come every 5 minutes, very quick, cheaper, but crowded
• need to travel: valid = platný passport and for some countries visa = vízum necessary, health insurance = pojištění, need to change money
• luggage (GB) / baggage (USA)
- suitcase = kufr na oblečení, briefcase = diplomatka, trunk = lodní kufr
- bag, rucksack [raksek]
- clothing and cosmetic
- write address of place where you will have holiday and your own address
• travel agencies
- you must choose good agency
- it arrange = zařídit trips, tickets, *accommodations
• foreign language: most people in world speak English, in Europe also German, French and Russian
accommodation
• room in a hotel, can be booked = zapsán, rezervován by letter, phone or via = prostřednictvím email
• can to be in: hotels, inns (in the country) and pubs (in the towns); hostels (for young people)
• when you enter a hotel: fill in the registration form at receptionist’s desk (name, permanent address, nationality, time of stay, number of identity card), get a key of the room or card
• typical equipment in hotel room: bathroom, bedroom, where is wardrobe, bed, mirror, table
• typical facilities in hotel: restaurant, dancing place, swimming pool, fitness centre, sauna, hairdresser
My impression of Prague
1) Prague
• capital and the largest city of Czech republic
• official name is Capital City of Prague
• situated on the River Vltava
• has been the political, cultural and economic center of the Czech state for over 1100 years
• there live 1.2 million people (+ surrounding 1.9 million people)
• nicknames: city of a hundred steeples, the golden city
2) History
• people’s seats were in this place in primeval ages
• in 6th century there was Samo’s empire
• at the end of 9th century Prague castle was established by prince Bořivoj I. from Premyslid dynasty (was on throne between 9th – 14th century)
residence of president (czech rulers) to today
• in 10th century the second castle Vyšehrad was established by Vratislav II.
• in 13th century people united and etabilished Old Town and king Přemysl Otakar II. established New Town on the left bank of the river
• in 14th century Premyslid dynasty is over and on throne is Luxembourg dynasty (was on throne between 14th – 15th century)
• Luxembourg dynasty it means king Charles IV. and the biggest prosperity of Prague
he established Charles University (1348), Charles castle, Charles bridge, Charles’s square, New town of Prague and Prague became residence of emperor
• Jagellon dynasty (was on throne between 15th – 16th century)
• Habsburg dynasty (was on throne between 16th – 20th century) – there is Rudolf II. – Prague was Reneissance reconstructed, he liked alchemists and science and Prague became residence of emperor again
• on the 28th October 1918 Prague became capital of Czechoslovakia
• through 2. world war Prague was bombed
• on the 1st January 1993 became capital of CZE
3) Sights
• in Prague we can find sights in Baroque, Renaissance, Cubist, Gothic, Neo-Classicism, Art Nouveau
• some of the most known sights are:
Old Town with its Old Town Square
*The Horologe – 1410, 3 parts, legend
The Charles Bridge – we know legend about eggs, 30 statues, most of them baroque-style, erected around 1700
New Town with its Wenceslas Square – square is named after Saint Wenceslas, there is statue of Saint Wenceslas, it was make by Josef Václav Myslbek
Prague Castle (the largest castle in the world) with its St. Vitus Cathedral, Karel IV. put basic stone in 1344 and it was finished 1929, architects were Matyáš z Arrasu after that Peret Parléř, there are intombed Czech kings and there are crown jewels too
Josefov (the old Jewish quarter) with Old Jewish Cemetery and Synagogue – the oldest Europe active synagogue
National Museum – the main museum building is located on Wenceslas Square and it was built in neo-renaissance by architect Josef Schulz
Vyšehrad castle with its *Vyšehrad cemetery – in 13th century, in 19th century place for Czech personalities, Slavín
Petřín Tower – an observation tower on Petřín hill, which resembles the Eiffel Tower
*Krizik’s fountain – in Výstaviště, in the end of 19th century, František K., on the occasion of anniversary industrial exhibition
4) Travelling, culture
• airport – Ruzyně
• Prague Railways station
• bus, tram, underground it is public transport
advantage: fast, cheap, underground without traffic jams and tram and underground are ecological, disadvantage: bus isn’t ecological, it leaves in definite = určitý time and it stops at bus stop
• there are a lots of cultures: Russian, Germany, English, Japanese, Polish, French
5) My impression of Prague
1st day
• at 3 am – woke up
• at 4.02 am we left railway station in Suhdol (was sleeping in train, played cards, listened music, read magazines)
• arrived in Prague at 8 am
• put up at Klamovka in pink house (were in cellar, but nice, boys – pink, girls – green, there were 2 bathrooms, kitchen)
• went to Vyšehrad (went around sweetshop, bought the best friedcake – very big, with caramel)
• Vyšehrad cemetery
• we went shopping to Flóra with Verča, Krista (germeny group) and Soňa, there we had a lunch and I have bought jumper, T-shirt
• at the evening we wanted to watch Krizik’s fountain – nobody was here
2nd day
• at 7 am – woke up
• we visited National Theatre
• Body exhibition – great (have taught brain, liver, lungs), ham (Albert)
• we have gone shopping to Flóra again, but me and Soňa we went to cinema IMAX (3D, Safari)
• at the evening we went to National Theatre again to Smatena’s Kiss (horrible, happy I am learning English, because without English subtitles I understood nothing)
3tr day
• at 7 am – woke up
• packed and went to St. Vitus Cathedral (horrible, 2 hours) around Horologe, through Charles bridge
• we have had a lunch in restaurant
• at 3.30 pm we left railway station in Prague
• arrived in Nový Jičín at 8 pm
Krizik’s Fountain
• at the end of 19. century František Křižík built Krizik’s Fountain on the occasion of anniversary industrial exhibition (where they exposed electric, modern and industrial news)
• 100 years later (at the end of 20. century) it was rebuilt
• some numbers:
3000 nozzles
1250 water lights with a lot of colours
2 km pipes
• computer has control over program,
• program it means light, water and music
• it can be only music (music of classical or modern authors) or music and dance together – dance it mean mostly ballet
• program can watch 6000 people
Horologe
• it’s on south wall of Old-Town Town Hall (staroměstká radnice)
• build in 1410
• there are 3 parts:
1. astronomical part
2. calendar
3. figures
1. astronomical part
there is location sun and month, moon period (growing, full moon, leaving)
clock face show old czech time too
zodiac – star sky, zodiac turns around one of day
2. calendar
at the end of 19. century – there is new calendar – author is Mánes
there are pictures of all 12 month, on picture there are work in village
it’s around calendar, not hand
3. figures
every hour in 2 windows appear 12 apostles – sv. Petr, Matěj, Jan , Ondřej (kříž ve tvaru X), Filip, Jakub, sv. Pavel, sv. Tomáš, sv. Šimon, sv. Tadeáš, sv. Bartoloměj a sv. Barnabáš
legend:
Master Hanuš built Horologe and councilmen were afrait he can built it for the other town. At the evening they have come and blinded him. He knew it was their plan and he has gone inside Horologe and he has taken hand inside to machine and stopped it for 100 years.
Vyšehrad’s burial-place
• at church st. Peter and Paul on Vyšehrad
• it was built in 13th century and in 19th century it happened burial-place Czech personalities
• the most famous common crypt – Slavín (there are f.e. Myslbek, Zeyer, Sládek, Vrchliclý, Hynais)
• composers: f.e. Smetana, Dvořák
• singer: Destinová
• writers: Čapek, Neruda, Němcová
• actor: Burian
• scientist: Křižík etc.
• capital and the largest city of Czech republic
• official name is Capital City of Prague
• situated on the River Vltava
• has been the political, cultural and economic center of the Czech state for over 1100 years
• there live 1.2 million people (+ surrounding 1.9 million people)
• nicknames: city of a hundred steeples, the golden city
2) History
• people’s seats were in this place in primeval ages
• in 6th century there was Samo’s empire
• at the end of 9th century Prague castle was established by prince Bořivoj I. from Premyslid dynasty (was on throne between 9th – 14th century)
residence of president (czech rulers) to today
• in 10th century the second castle Vyšehrad was established by Vratislav II.
• in 13th century people united and etabilished Old Town and king Přemysl Otakar II. established New Town on the left bank of the river
• in 14th century Premyslid dynasty is over and on throne is Luxembourg dynasty (was on throne between 14th – 15th century)
• Luxembourg dynasty it means king Charles IV. and the biggest prosperity of Prague
he established Charles University (1348), Charles castle, Charles bridge, Charles’s square, New town of Prague and Prague became residence of emperor
• Jagellon dynasty (was on throne between 15th – 16th century)
• Habsburg dynasty (was on throne between 16th – 20th century) – there is Rudolf II. – Prague was Reneissance reconstructed, he liked alchemists and science and Prague became residence of emperor again
• on the 28th October 1918 Prague became capital of Czechoslovakia
• through 2. world war Prague was bombed
• on the 1st January 1993 became capital of CZE
3) Sights
• in Prague we can find sights in Baroque, Renaissance, Cubist, Gothic, Neo-Classicism, Art Nouveau
• some of the most known sights are:
Old Town with its Old Town Square
*The Horologe – 1410, 3 parts, legend
The Charles Bridge – we know legend about eggs, 30 statues, most of them baroque-style, erected around 1700
New Town with its Wenceslas Square – square is named after Saint Wenceslas, there is statue of Saint Wenceslas, it was make by Josef Václav Myslbek
Prague Castle (the largest castle in the world) with its St. Vitus Cathedral, Karel IV. put basic stone in 1344 and it was finished 1929, architects were Matyáš z Arrasu after that Peret Parléř, there are intombed Czech kings and there are crown jewels too
Josefov (the old Jewish quarter) with Old Jewish Cemetery and Synagogue – the oldest Europe active synagogue
National Museum – the main museum building is located on Wenceslas Square and it was built in neo-renaissance by architect Josef Schulz
Vyšehrad castle with its *Vyšehrad cemetery – in 13th century, in 19th century place for Czech personalities, Slavín
Petřín Tower – an observation tower on Petřín hill, which resembles the Eiffel Tower
*Krizik’s fountain – in Výstaviště, in the end of 19th century, František K., on the occasion of anniversary industrial exhibition
4) Travelling, culture
• airport – Ruzyně
• Prague Railways station
• bus, tram, underground it is public transport
advantage: fast, cheap, underground without traffic jams and tram and underground are ecological, disadvantage: bus isn’t ecological, it leaves in definite = určitý time and it stops at bus stop
• there are a lots of cultures: Russian, Germany, English, Japanese, Polish, French
5) My impression of Prague
1st day
• at 3 am – woke up
• at 4.02 am we left railway station in Suhdol (was sleeping in train, played cards, listened music, read magazines)
• arrived in Prague at 8 am
• put up at Klamovka in pink house (were in cellar, but nice, boys – pink, girls – green, there were 2 bathrooms, kitchen)
• went to Vyšehrad (went around sweetshop, bought the best friedcake – very big, with caramel)
• Vyšehrad cemetery
• we went shopping to Flóra with Verča, Krista (germeny group) and Soňa, there we had a lunch and I have bought jumper, T-shirt
• at the evening we wanted to watch Krizik’s fountain – nobody was here
2nd day
• at 7 am – woke up
• we visited National Theatre
• Body exhibition – great (have taught brain, liver, lungs), ham (Albert)
• we have gone shopping to Flóra again, but me and Soňa we went to cinema IMAX (3D, Safari)
• at the evening we went to National Theatre again to Smatena’s Kiss (horrible, happy I am learning English, because without English subtitles I understood nothing)
3tr day
• at 7 am – woke up
• packed and went to St. Vitus Cathedral (horrible, 2 hours) around Horologe, through Charles bridge
• we have had a lunch in restaurant
• at 3.30 pm we left railway station in Prague
• arrived in Nový Jičín at 8 pm
Krizik’s Fountain
• at the end of 19. century František Křižík built Krizik’s Fountain on the occasion of anniversary industrial exhibition (where they exposed electric, modern and industrial news)
• 100 years later (at the end of 20. century) it was rebuilt
• some numbers:
3000 nozzles
1250 water lights with a lot of colours
2 km pipes
• computer has control over program,
• program it means light, water and music
• it can be only music (music of classical or modern authors) or music and dance together – dance it mean mostly ballet
• program can watch 6000 people
Horologe
• it’s on south wall of Old-Town Town Hall (staroměstká radnice)
• build in 1410
• there are 3 parts:
1. astronomical part
2. calendar
3. figures
1. astronomical part
there is location sun and month, moon period (growing, full moon, leaving)
clock face show old czech time too
zodiac – star sky, zodiac turns around one of day
2. calendar
at the end of 19. century – there is new calendar – author is Mánes
there are pictures of all 12 month, on picture there are work in village
it’s around calendar, not hand
3. figures
every hour in 2 windows appear 12 apostles – sv. Petr, Matěj, Jan , Ondřej (kříž ve tvaru X), Filip, Jakub, sv. Pavel, sv. Tomáš, sv. Šimon, sv. Tadeáš, sv. Bartoloměj a sv. Barnabáš
legend:
Master Hanuš built Horologe and councilmen were afrait he can built it for the other town. At the evening they have come and blinded him. He knew it was their plan and he has gone inside Horologe and he has taken hand inside to machine and stopped it for 100 years.
Vyšehrad’s burial-place
• at church st. Peter and Paul on Vyšehrad
• it was built in 13th century and in 19th century it happened burial-place Czech personalities
• the most famous common crypt – Slavín (there are f.e. Myslbek, Zeyer, Sládek, Vrchliclý, Hynais)
• composers: f.e. Smetana, Dvořák
• singer: Destinová
• writers: Čapek, Neruda, Němcová
• actor: Burian
• scientist: Křižík etc.
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