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Amistad

We have watched film Amistad in school, in lessons of English: Across Culture. It’s historical drama about real event of slaves from Africa. The film is about slavery in 19. century, when people with black skin were escorted from their home to the American continent.
In the beginning Cinque and the other slaves are on the journey from Africa on the ship La Amistad, they get free and they take over control on ship. 2 people from crew must steer back to the Africa but they streer to the America.
Resources is spent and they stop on the island but the American Navy catches them and put them to the American prison, where they wait for lawsuit.
During the lawsuit Joadsen and Tappan ensure the translator Baldwin for Cinque and they go to the ship La Amistad and they find document about slaves, where is written the slaves are from Africa, slavery from Africa is illegal. And because of it they win the lawsuit.
But the Spanish ambassador takls with American president and he says him it could begin a Civil War, if he will set free the slaves and Cinque is in prison again.
    Joadsen and Tappan ask for help ex-president Adams although the first he refused after that he accept it and helps them. He has long and wonderful speech at The Supreme Court and finally it makes him free.
    In the end the slave’s fort is made free too and Cinque and slaves from La Amistad go home.
Although there were a lot of dialogues and lawsuits and not enought action, plot is interesting, because of excellent actors and because of you want to know what happen with them you must watch it to the end.
Djimon Hounsou’s (Cinque) performance is great, he is convincing as big, unlearned and silent person – typical slave.
Morgan Freeman (Theodore Joadsen) is ex-slave, he is very silent.
Stellan Skarsgard (Tappan) activist and lawyer of Cinque.
Matthew Mc Conaughey (Baldwin) is translator of Cinque. For me he connect two worlds and two cultures, he is excellent and he is convincing as person who lived in this time.
Anthony Hopkins (John Quincy Adams) is an ex-president, his performance is really the best, he is high-principled and he doesn’t do something if he doesn’t belive it. I can say, at the end, during his speech, he belived what he say.
The dialogues are realistic but very difficult to understand. I can to translate it but I sometimes don’t understand it.
Location is real, true and nippy and costumes are great and realistic.
Although there aren’t action, funny scenes and laywer fights instead of main hero of film, this film is very good. If you don’t watch it, never mind. It is important to know about slavery but there are a lot of the other films about it. But if you started to watch it, you can’t stop it and go. You must to watch it all.

English language and english speaking countries

About English language
    About 420 million people speak English in the world. It means that English is the most wide spred language in the world. It means a world language.
It is used also for practical purposes – in administrative, in economy, in business, in technology, in education, in sport.
English became so important in the 17. century. English is of Germanic origin. English borrowed words from many other languages (French, Spanisch, Czech – robot). And we can say that other languages are influenced by English vocabulary.
There are 5 main types of English, which differ in pronuncation, spelling and vocabulary: British E., American E., Australian E., Indian and Africa English.

English speaking countries
    The name is used for the countries, where the majority of population speaks English as their mother tongue: Great Britain, Ireland, The USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
But there are other large countries were Engish is spoken as second language, for example India, Pakistan, The Republic of South Africa and other African countries.
We can say that people speak English in the USA, Ireland and in the Commonwealth countries. The Commonwealth is an association of Britain and 47 former colonie. Founding members were Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Later the Commonwealth included many African, Asian and Caribbean nationals. The Queen of England Elizabeth II. Is the former head in 17 dominions.

Nowadays all pupils of our republic can to learn English when they are 8. They have choose other foreign Lang – French, English, German, Russians, etc.
I learn two foreign languages – English and German. As for me English is easier than German. Languages are important for professionals or travelling.

Medical science

Medical care is provided for our citizens from birth to death. Soon after birth each child is vaccinated against such illnesses as tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio and later smallpox.
Health is the greatest gift for everybody. If people meet the usually wish a lot of health one another. We all wish to by healthy. Because when people are ill they can’t work, they feel unhappy, they must stay at home, take a lot of medicine. They are in a bad mood. If somebody is ill, we can’t be happy and full of energy.
You can keep your health by physical training, hardening the body, sporting, sufficient sleep, balanced diet and avoiding smoking cigarettes, stress and drinking big amount of alcohol.
There are a lot of illnesses. We can divided into two groups: common and dangerous illnesses. The most common disease of all is cold, infection, angina, flu, tonsillitis, bronchitis or pneumonia. The illnesses witch are very catching or dangerous – a cancer, venereal disease (AIDS), a tuberculosis, a diabetes, a pneumonia etc. A lot of scientists and doctors look for medicine against this illnesses.
When you have a flue, you usually have a temperature, sore throat, cough and you snooze very often. You also have a headache and feel very weak and sick and even hoarse. You can go through it easily by staying in bed taking pills, keeping warm, sweating, gargling and drinking herbal tea with honey or lemon. But overcoming the illness can be very dangerous.

When I am in ill health:
When I feel unwell, I can see a doctor called General practitioner (GP). I wait in the waiting room, which is often overcrowded. When the nurse comes out, I have to give her my insurance card and then she invites me to a surgery office. The doctor usually asks what the trouble is and then asks me I undress, because she must examine me. She also wants to know if I have a temperature, a good appetite and here I feel pain. She wants me to open my mouth and say “Ah” to see if my tonsils are red. Finally the doctor diagnoses the case and prescribes a medicine. With prescriptions I go to pharmacy and get antibiotics, vitamins pain relievers, ointment, syrup, herbs for a tea, spray, drops or gargle etc.

Sports & games

Sports belong to most popular leisure time activities. Sports as a form of relaxation are refreshing, can help take off some weight, and to make use of one’s skills and strength. We can practise outdoor or indoor sports, in water or anywhere we want.

We can divide all sports into two groups according the place they can be practised:
1)    Indoor sports include for example athletics, gymnastics, table tennis, boxing, wrestling etc.
2)    On the other hand, among outdoor sports there are running, skiing, sledging, sleighing, hiking, rock climbing, horse riding, golf, tennis and some aquatic sports such as rowing and windsurfing, yachting, canoeing.
3)    Non-professional cycling, or riding a mountain bike, which is one of the most popular activities, can be also enjoyed outdoors on the roads or paths.
4 ) We can divide sports to winter and summer sports.

The games are usually all season activities. Many sports and games are played in sports halls, on playgrounds or in stadiums. Some winter sports are practiced on an ice-rink. Among these are ice hockey, speed skating or figure skating. If a river is frozen over everybody can skate on it.
The most numerous group of games are the ball games. Football is the most popular game in the world. Another sport from Great Britain is rowing.
In our school lessons of physical exercise we usually play volleyball, basketball, football, or baseball. If the weather is good we go to the playground and play some games there. But we have only two lessons a week.
Once in two years we have Olympic games, winter games and summer games. Important disciplines in winter games are: Ice-hockey, skiing downhill, cross country, slalom, ski jumping, skating, figure skating. In summer games it is: athletics, rowing, football, cycling, ball games etc.

When I was much younger, I learned swimming, cycling, skating, jogging,... etc. When I was twelve I started to play volleyball. Later I became interested in various ball games. In summer I use to play volleyball with my friends and family and in winter I often swim. I like to watch some sports on TV – e.g. ice hockey, figure skating or athletics competitions.

The czech republic

The Czech Republic is the state we live in, and in which most of us were also born. It is our native country.
The Czech Republic is situated in the centre of Europe and sometimes it is called the heart of Europe. Its population is about 10 million people and covers an area of about 78 000 square km. Our republic has four neighbours. In the north it borders on Poland and in the south on Austria. The shortest border is with Slovakia in the east and the longest with Germany in the west. Our country has three parts: Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia.
Surface is hilly. The border is lined by the Šumava Mountains in the Southwest, the Krkonoše in the North and the Hrubý Jeseník and the Moravian-Silesian Beskydes in the Northeast. The highest mountain is Sněžka in Krkonoše.
The longest rivers are the Vltava, the Elbe and the Morava. South Bohemia is rich in ponds - e.g. Rožmberk and there are 2 large lakes and a lot of forests. Bohemia and Moravia are rich in mineral spas – e. g. Karlovy Vary, Mariánské L., Františkovy L., Poděbrady, Luhačovice, Jeseník.
Besides Czech nationalities we can find here various ethnic minorities speak their original languages as the Slovaks, the Roominess, the Poles, the Germans, the Ukrainians and the Russians, the Chinese.
The first president was T. G. Masaryk since 1918. On January the 1st 1993, Czechoslovakia split into two countries - the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The currency used in the Czech Republic is the Czech crown. Since 1990 was democratic president Václav Havel. His function finished in January 2003. Present-day the head of state is the President Václav Klaus. 
Main industries are machinery, chemistry, food, textile (Prostějov, Brno), wood, metallurgy, steal industry, iron, car industry (Mladá Boleslav, Plzeň, Kopřivnice). Czech rep. has rich in mineral resources as mining, farming, coal (Ostrava). Main agriculture products are wheat, sugar, fruit, sunflowers, corn and potatoes, cattle-breeding and pig-breeding and fishes.
The capital city is Prague with its population about 1,2 million people. There are a lot of sights – Karl’s Bridge, National theatre and museum, Karl’s university. The largest cities are Brno, Ostrava and Olomouc atc. Among the most beautiful historic towns belong Prague, Kutná Hora, Tábor, Telč, Olomouc, Kroměříž… Also many castles, ruins and church and cathedral can be found in our republic. To the most interesting ones belong Karlštejn, Křivoklát, Bezděz, Hluboká, Zvíkov, Loket, Kuks, Lednice and of course the Prague castle.
Our national anthem is called Kde domov můj? (Where is my home?). Our flag consists of three colours, red, blue and white. The red is at the bottom, the white is at the top and the blue makes a triangle at the left side.

Australia and New Zealand

Australia is the sixth largest country in the world but the smallest continent. The Australian Alps has the highest Australian mountain - Mt. Kosciusko. Many of Australian rivers are dry at least part of the year and fill with water only during the raining season. The Murray River is the longest flowing river. The second longest river is the Darling. There are three big lakes - Lake Eyre, Lake Torrens and Lake Gairdner - in western Australia and in Tasmania but most of then are dry too. It is a country of great variety. It is warm in December and cold in summer.
In 1770 James Cook of the British armada became explored this continent. The first white settlement was made up of about 750 prisoners. Density is very low - about 2 people to 1 square km.
Main industries are machinery, iron, steal, textiles, car and ship building. Australia is rich in mineral resources as mining, farming, coal, copper. Main agriculture products are wheat, fruit, sugar, cattle and wool.
Australia is a British dominion. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. Currency used in Australia is the Australian Dollar. Official language is English. The Commonwealth of Australia consist of 6 states and 2 territories. New South Wales (capital city is Sydney), Victoria (Melbourne), Queensland (Brisbane), South Australia (Adelaide), Western Australia (Perth) and  Tasmania (Hobart). The Australian capital city is Canberra.
Canberra is the capital of Australia since 1997. It is also the seat of the Australian parliament. Thanks to its natural scenery and architecture Canberra is sometimes said to be one of the most beautiful capitals in the world.
Sydney is the largest city in Australia. It has ideal natural conditions. Among important places there is for example Opera house with its fascinating roof construction, skyscrapers, hotels, offices and restaurants. There are also many parks and botanical gardens in Sydney.
Melbourne is the capital of the state of Victoria and the second largest city in the Australia. Now it is a modern city with a well developed industry. You can see there a lot of modern skyscrapers, parks and botanical gardens.
New Zealand consists of 2 large islands - North and South Island - in Pacific Ocean. Both islands are hilly. Its population is about 3 million. Density is much high than in Australia. People live in industrial centres. Most inhabitants are a British origin. The first European was a Dutch navigator Abel Tasman. Captain James Cook explored the coasts in 1770. Now it is an independent member of the Commonwealth. Industries are textile, machinery but especially forest. Its rich in oil, iron, metal and gas. The capital city is Wellington (head of state is Queen Elisabeth II.).

Usa

The USA are situated in the southern part of North America. Its neighbours with Canada on north and Mexico on south. The United States of America are the fourth largest country in the world.
The land is bordered by three oceans – the Artic ocean, the Atlantic ocean and the Pacific ocean. The largest mountain is Mount McKinley in the Alaska Range. The largest rivers are the Mississippi and the Missouri. It is the third longest river system in the world after the Amazon and the Nil. The border with Canada is in its central part made by the Great Lakes Region. The Great Lakes are: Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario. Lakes Superior is the second largest in the world. There are many national parks in the USA, e. g. Yellowstone, Rocky Mountains, Grand Canyon.
The USA population is about 250 million. The main language spoken is American English.  But we can hear various ethnic minorities speak their original languages (Chinese, Spanish). American English differs from British English in vocabulary.
The USA consist of 3 different regions. These are the continental part, Alaska and the Hawaii islands. The American continent was discarded by Vikings around the year 1000. 500 years later came Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean sea. The first English colony was founded in Virginia. In 1776 the Declaration of Independence was adaptive. George Washington was elected as first president of USA at the 4 of Julys. This is the day, when the USA was founded. It is a national holiday.
The main agriculture products are wheat, cotton, tobacco, cattle breeding, fruit and vegetable. The USA is rich in the mineral resources as coal, copper, gold, iron and oil. The main trading partners are Canada, Japany, Mexico and Great Britain.
The official language is English. The USA consist of 50 states, it is federation New York was originally called New Amsterdam. Now is consist of 5 district – Manhattan, Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond.
The head of state is president Obama. His residence is the White House in Washington. The main body is called Congress - its seat is in the Capitol. Pentagon is the centre of military forced.
Places of interests are Detroit, New Orleans (jazz music), Los Angeles (famous film centre Hollywood and Beverly Hills), Philadelphia (the oldest city), Chicago (is known like the city of skyscrapers) . A tourist area with long beaches is Florida.

Christmas

In the Czech Republic Christmas is also the most popular family holiday. People buy Christmas trees; hang various decorations and Christmas sweets on it.
Advent begins four weeks before Christmas Eve (December 24th). The third Sunday before Christmas is called Bronze Sunday, the second one Silver Sunday and the first Sunday before December 24th is Golden Sunday.
Most families decorate their houses with coloured paper, mistletoe and lights. Every family has a Christmas tree (fir or pine), which is decorated with coloured lights, ornaments and star at the top. Christmas trees are also placed in town squares.
Maybe two weeks before Christmas mothers bake sweets. We have the traditional Christmas dinner on Christmas Eve. Some people follow the old tradition of fasting all day before the meal. The most important tradition connected with Christmas is the giving of presents. People sing carols at Christmas and send Christmas cards.
People celebrate the coming of the New Year on 31st of December at midnight with friends or at home with family.

Christmas in our family:
When I get up I decorate a Christmas tree and I watch fairy tales. Then I help my mother to prepare a dinner. We have a dinner at six o'clock - it is fish soap, potato salad and fried carp. After dinner we go to Christmas tree and we unwrap the presents.

USA:
Christmas Eve, 24th December - before English children go to bed they hang up Christmas stockings at the end of their beds and they believe that Santa Claus rides through the air on a sledge pulled by reindeer and comes down the chimney and fills up the stockings with presents and toys.
Christmas Day, 25th December - in the morning children enjoy unwrapping presents and at midday Christmas lunch is a great occasion. It consists of roast turkey, potatoes, vegetables and Christmas pudding.
Boxing Day, 26th December - it is still the custom to give a present of money to the tradesmen - the milkman, the postman, newspapers boys, etc. People usually go to a pantomime on that day. This is a show which is always based on a traditional fairy tale. People of all ages enjoy pantomime, especially children. Boxing Day is also the time to visit friends and relatives.

Food and meals

Most people usually have 3 meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Eating style are different in every country. People all over the world can prefer china food like a fish, rice etc., or Italian food, like a spaghetti and pizza.
   
Breakfast in our country consists of something to drink such as tea with sugar and lemon, cold or warm milk or a cocoa. Most people have breakfast on several slices of bread, rolls or buns and butter, processed or natural cheese, eggs, ham, salami, jam and so on. We can also have something sweet (pancakes, waffles, apple pie as dessert or semolina cake or doughnut). Quite a lot of people eat cereal or cornflakes with ingredients like yoghurt, chocolate, stewed fruit, walnuts, hazelnuts and so on. We don’t have so much time for our breakfast.
   
Around noon it is lunchtime. Mostly have lunch soup, main course and afters. People have lunch in the school canteen, or local canteen, but some people prefer going to a restaurant or having fast food in a McDonalds. Soups may be either vegetable (potato, tomato, pea, bean, carrot, parsley, celery, mushrooms) or meat teas (beef tea, tripe, chicken, hen). The main dish can be either sweet such as fruit dumplings or pancakes with jam and cream. Or we can have some meat (beef, pork, veal, mutton, lamb) with some vegetables such as potatoes, chips, rice, Czech dumpling, pasta or bread.
It’s healthy to drink at least one glass of mineral water, juice, tea or beer, after each meal. Appetizer– it is a drink before eat to have a good appetite.
Dinner can be warm or cold, some families don’t have evening food. On some occasions we even go out to restaurants. Roast pork with sauerkraut and dumplings, chicken with rice, fried pork chops with mashed potatoes, filet of fish with potato salad, roasted sirloin beef in sour cream sauce and Czech dumplings. For variety we can order a vegetable salad prepared from tomatoes or cucumbers, stewed fruits or a dessert.
Special Czech food is knedlo-vepřo-zelo it is a traditional food with dumplings. You can order it in every Czech pub or in a good restaurant.
English people have a nice custom to have a tea at 5 o’clock. It is not like in our country when we have a snack. People eat slices of white or brown bread and butter with cheese, fish or ham, perhaps some vegetables, and jam. English people drink tea and coffee with milk.
    American food is not so good, it is usually some sort of fast-food like hamburgers, Coke, chips. Some people eat in fast-foods and they are fat, other people eat in a healthy way and they have no problems with weight.

Canada

Canada is the second largest country in the world. French settlers gave the country the Indian name Canata, witch means a village. Canada occupies the whole of the northern part of North America and a lot of islands. It neighbours with the USA, with Alaska and continental states.
The Great Lakes region is the largest area of fresh water in the world. Between the lakes Erie and Ontario there are famous Niagara falls. There are the Rocky Mountains, the Mackenzie Mountains and the Melville hills. The highest mountain is Mount Logan.
Canada has nearly 25 million habitants. It means that the density is very low. 80 percent Canadians live in large centres, more than 40 percent are of British origin, 30 percent are of French origin and the rest is made Indians and Eskimos. The first Europeans were the Vikings who discarded America. Since the 16. century large territories were occupied by the French but France lost this country in wars with England. Canada became a British dominion.
Canada is very rich country. It has coal, metal, oil, gas, chemical industry, motorcar industry (is situated in Ottawa), shipbuilding industry in Montreal or Toronto. Canada is covered by forests. Only a small part is suitable for agriculture. Canada produces a wheal, vegetable, fruits, tobacco. Canada is very rich in natural resources – Gold, oil, gas. Valid currency is Canadian dollar.
Canada is the part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The head of state is the British Queen. Canada consist of 10 provinces and 2 territories.
The capital city is Ottawa. The three largest city are Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. The biggest province is Quebec with the capital city Quebec City. People speak there French.
Canada has its own flag. It is red and in the centre there is a white square with a simple red  maple leave. There are 2 official languages – English and French.      

Shopping

When we go shopping we can go either to a big department store or to the shop, which specializes in some extra goods, e.g.
We can buy
- vegetables and fruit at a greengrocers.
- meat and sausages at a butcher shop.
- bread, rolls and cakes at a bakery.
- chocolate, bags of candy and cakes at a sweet shop.
- flowers at a florists.
- different metal goods (nails) at a hardware store.
- writing paper and envelopes at a stationary store.
- TV sets, washing machines at an electrical dealers.
- toys for your children at toy shops (dolls, toy trucks, balls, etc).
- shoes at a shoe shop.

In the most common shop we can buy food, such as tea, coffee, sugar, flour, butter, cheese, eggs, jam, tinned food and kitchen needs such as dish soap, detergents and polish.
In the chemists shop we can buy medicines and ointments, toothpaste, combs, bath soap.
Food products are usually bought in a self service shop or a supermarket. The supermarket is bigger and we can also buy goods from the chemist and hardware here. In a self service store we go in, pick up a basket or a wheeled cart, walk around the shop a choose what we want. At the exit there is a cash-desk or a cashier where we pay for all your merchandise together, either with cash or with our credit card.
A typical feature of modern big cities are big department stores. They are usually huge buildings equipped with speedy lifts and  escalators, where you can buy almost everything from food to furniture.
An average Czech family goes shopping every day to a local supermarket for necessary food. Once a week they usually do one bigger purchase for the weekend and from time to time they have to buy clothes and shoes.

At the post office

At the post office I go when we need send away some correspondence, a telegram or a parcel, to phone somebody, to buy stamps, to send money.
When we have written a letter, we sign it, fold it and put it into an envelope. We stick down the envelope, writes the address and buy a stamp. We stick in on the right-hand upper corner. Then we take the letter to the post office or we can drop it in the nearest letter-box. From the letter-box the letters are taken to the post office where they are stored and marked.  When the mail reaches the place it is going to, the postmen sort it again. Later in the morning a postman delivers the letters.
For sending registered letters we have to go to special corner in a post office. For sending parcels we must go to another counter.  When we needs to make a phone call we must go to call box in post office. At the post office we can buy various bills too and collect money from savings bank.
Before a parcel is sent off it is weighed. A label may be put on it, such as "fragile" or "urgent". Parcels should be tied up with care. When a parcel cannot be delivered because the addressee is not at home, a note is dropped into his letterbox asking him to collect the parcel at the post office.
I prefer writing e-mail to my friends. It is comfortable and very fast. I needn’t buy paper, stamps and envelope and I haven’t gone to the post office. But at Christmas and Easter or on holiday I sent a postcard. Otherwise I visit a post office from time to time.

London

London is the capital of England. It is the 9th largest city in the world – its population is about 10 million. London is situated on the river Thames in south-east England. It was founded as a Roman settlement. The great fire in 1666 destroyed almost all the city.
    There are many places of interest. We can see them by walking or by various means of transport. London is famous for its red busses called double-deckers. For fast transport we can go by the Underground. It is the oldest underground in the world. There are also 3 airports in London. The most important are Heathrow and Gatwick.
    The House of Parliament were built in gothic style but are only about one hundred years old. There is also a famous clock tower with Big Ben and its characteristic bell ringing.
    Whitehall is the street where the government offices are. Horse Guards Parade takes place here.
    Downing Street 10 is the official home of British Prime Ministers since 1731.
    Westminster Abbey was founded in the 11th century. Britain’s Kings and Queens are crowned here. England’s greatest poets are buried here in the Poet’s Corner.
    St. Paul’s Cathedral is one of the largest cathedrals in the world. It stands in the City. During the World War II it was badly destroyed by bombs. In 1981 Prince of Wales (Charles) and Lady Diana were married here.
    The City is the oldest part of London around St. Paul. There are many banks and offices here.
    The Tower was built in the 11th century. It can open in the middle and let large ships go through.
    Trafalgar Square was named after Admiral Nelson’s victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
    The National Gallery is in Trafalgar Square.
    The British Museum is the largest museum in the world. It houses the biggest collection of all kinds of animals and minerals and rocks.
    Buckingham Palace is the Queen’s residence (in London since the Queen Victoria’s reign).
    The most famous shopping centres in London are in Piccadilly Circus, Regent Street and Oxford Street.
    There are many parks in London, e. g. St. James’s Park, Green Park, Regent’s Park. The largest of them is Hyde Park. It is also known for its Speaker’s Corner where anybody can have a speech The Post Office Tower is the tallest building in Great Britain. It is nearly 190 m high.

World around us

•    world around me:
•    it is my family
-    I live with my mother, stepfather and halfbrother Joseph in Kopřivnice
-    my father live in Bartošovice with his wife, she has 2 children from her first marriage, they are twins and 21-year-old, and my father and his wife (I say her: aunt) they have children, he is my second halfbrother too and his name is David
-    every weekend I am in Ženklava, there liveparents of my father, I love this place
•    it is my school
-    I am visiting this Secondary school for 4 years, I have friends here, I have a boyfriend here
•    world around us:
•    it existed a lot of problems on world, you can see it in TV, listen on radio or read in newspaper:
•    it is problems of all society:
•    murder
-    it means kill somebody, the most horrible crime, for murder is the biggest punishment
-    it can be planning or in affect
-    the person is murderer when kill somebody, it can be mass murder – kill more people at a time, serial killer – kill repeatedly and the same method
-    it can be unintentional (= neúmyslné), self-defence (= sebeobrana)
-    I cannot imagine, I kill somebody (maybe to safe my family)
•    robbery (= loupež)
-    it means take something what isn’t your and you don’t ask
-    it typical for people who needs money
-    in bigger cities is existed group robbery – they are prepare: one start to talk with you, the second take you money and give it the third, who left
-    when I was 4, I have stolen small honey, it cost 1Kč, it looked very nice a want it, I didn’t ask my mum: “Do you buy it for me?” I take it, today – we laugh it
•    rape
-    it means when person want sexual intercourse and do it and another person don’t want it
-    it is typical in Africa, states on south of Asia f.e. Arabia – women haven’t any rights
-    for me is horrible rape of children (in TV) – I don’t understand it
•    arson (= žhářství)
-    it means make a fire on purpose because of destruction
-    scientist say: “People like this aren’t criminal, he is sick, it is psychic problem.”
•    criminality of teenagers
-    it one of most horrible in this days
-    they smoking cigarettes, they drink alcohol, steal money or things, using drugs, play computer games – they are aggressive (try to burn cat, kill somebody)
•    drugs
-    it is problem of famous stars, actors, mother with children or children – one of the biggest problem on the world
-    you start to use it and never finish it, it is change your life to bad, you lost family, friend, you spend all money by drugs and you start to stole
-    for young people is typical light drugs like ecstasy (= extáze), you fan more and you can dance longer time, but you can’t death to hydration – you don’t need drink when you take ecstasy but body need it
-    the other light drug is marihuana – when you smoke it everything is ok, you want only smile, but every cigarettes lower your IQ to 1 to 5 points, after one year of smoking you are going to be stupid
-    before light drugs is caffeine (= kofein),
-    hard drugs is cocaine – it is very hard drug, but it is in Coca-Cola, heroin, nicotine
-    wean for dugs (= odvyknout si): very difficult
•    AIDS
-    it is illness, virus HIV destroy your immune, it don’t function – you can death because of flu f.e.
-    you can get it of person who have it by body fluids
-    medicine doesn’t exist
-    it is typical in Africa – there have AIDS men, women, children – men go to town for work, have a sex with prostitute, give AIDS to his wife, she has infected child, sometimes women work like prostitutes and give it to their husbands and to children
-    in this days, mother who has AIDS can have health baby, doctors can slow down this illness, you get drugs for immune
•    smoking
-    it is health problem, I am not smoker, my mum is smoker
-    you lungs are destroy because of paper around cigarettes, which burns – get cancer of lungs or toque, your blood vessels  (= cévy) are smaller, your breath is worst
-    your brain need nicotine – you are less nervous, better sleep
•    unemployment
-    if you haven’t work, you haven’t money, you haven’t nothing to eat or where to live
-    in Czech republic is high unemployment but state give you some money, it calls “support”
•    famine (= hladomor)
-    it means on your land isn’t anything to eat, all people haven’t food
-    it is in Africa, the children have blow up abdomen and under skin only bones and cry because the are hungry, it is horrible
-    it was during wars, people hadn’t crop, in shops were nothing, people have eaten death bodies
•    racism
-    it means when one kind of people with one colour think, they are better than the other colour
-    in the USA was typical in history – black people was take from Africa like slavers to the USA and they haven’t any rights
-    1865 was abolish slavery after Civil war by Lincoln
-    black people were free but white people still were “better”
-    in 1929 was born Martin Luther King – he was black and he try safe right of black people: they can’t have the same things like white – notices: For black, for white, when old black lady didn’t let go to sit white person – he start fight but peaceful protests and by speeches
-    in 1964 – rights of black people was in American constitution and in 1965 – Black people can vote
•    population fears
-    scientists are afraid: in 2100 on Earth will life so much person, it means less food, more famine, less drink water, less drugs for ill people and so on
•    environment
Greenhouse effect
•    Greenhouse
-    small building made from glass
-    through glass sunshine goes but not back and in greenhouse is warm for plant
•     native greenhouse effect
-    it exists because of our Earth, it is useful for having a good temperature on Earth
•    anthropogenic greenhouse effect
-    it exists because of people, people cut forest and burning fossil fuels and so on
-    in atmosphere are a lot of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide CO2, water, methane CH4 and so on)
-    greenhouse gases function like glass in greenhouse (sunshine goes through the greenhouse gases but not back and in greenhouse is warm for our people and our Earth)
•    dissolving of glaciers, the water level goes up
Acid rain
•    native acid rain
-    because of carbon dioxide CO2, it is in atmosphere
-    it mixed with water CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 carbonic acid
-    on land fallen acid rain
•    anthropogenic acid rain
-    because of sulphur dioxide SO2, it is in volcano and in fossil fuels
-    it mixed with oxygen SO2 + O2 → SO3 sulphur trioxide
-    it mixed with water SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 sulphuric acid
-    on land fallen acid rain
-    because of nitrogen oxide NO, it is in cars
•    it destroys trees
•    in land: it destroys plants and animals have not food
•    in water: it destroys fishes and water plants
•    in civilisation: it destroys buildings Notre Dame in Paris

Ozone hole
•    ozone
-    it’s type of oxygen, there are 3 atoms of oxygen, write: O3
-    we need it because ozone absorbs dangerous UV (Ultraviolet) rays and protects our Earth
-    ozone is in stratosphere, it’s layer in 10 to 50 km from Earth
-    it’s toxic for people
•    how and when ozone originate (= vzniknout)?
-    ozone originated million years ago
-    when flowers growed under water and on Earth wasn’t life, there wasn’t life because of UV rays
-    the flowers in water made photosynthesis and oxygen got above water and because of UV rays started to joined and it originate ozone O3
-    after that Earth was save and life could go from water
•    hole
-    people release (= uvolňovat) chemicals into atmosphere
-    chemicals – it means CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and halons we started to produce it in 1930 – we used it in refrigerators (= chladnička), air conditioners, cleaning  fluids (= tekutina), they were parts of aerosol sprays for many years
-    but most horrible are factories, they used the higgest percent of this chemicals
-    in 1974 scientists say hypothesis: CFCs are getting into stratosphere and they are destroying ozone layer
-    now we know it’s true and it’s horrible true
-    the first we can see ozone hole in 80’s above the Antarctic, today ozone hole is above South America, Australia and all north hemisphere
•    what happen in stratosphere?
1)    CFCs escape into atmosphere and attack ozone f.ex. chlorine attacks molecule of O3, it takes one oxygen and now there isn’t ozone, there are only chlorine monoxide ClO and oxygen O2
2)    chlorine monoxide ClO meets oxygen O and it creates chlorine Cl and oxygen O2
3)    chlorine Cl can attacks molecule of O3 again
-    one atom chlorine destroys 100 000 ozone molecules, it means ozone can’t replenish (= doplnit) and in ozone layer is hole now
-    in 1990, most of industrial nations agreed to stop using this chemicals, but some nations are using it now
-    exactly: in 1987 was rewrote Montreal treaty – it treaty about reduction and stopping production of CFCs
-    but if all factories and homes stop to using this chemicals and never used again, the ozone layer will be still destroyed by this chemical for 100 years because chemicals standing in ozone layer for 100 years
•    what does it mean for our Earth?
-    dissolving of glaciers because of hot
-    cancer (= rakovina) because of UV rays – typical is skin cancer (= rakovina kůže) because of sunbathing on UV rays
-    gen mutation (sheeps on mountains have a big problems today – problems with eyes)
-    sunshine is most important for flowers, vegetables and fruits, they are smaller, product less photosynthesis, we have less oxygen
-    reduction immunity
Recycling
•    important in this days
•    process when you can use one product more times and economize (= šetřit) nature
•    before houses are dustbin (= popelnice) with special colours: blue – papers, yellow – plastic, green – glass
Pollution of seas and rivers
•    because of fertiliser (= hnojivo) in agriculture, chemical protection of plants, production of chemical materials, rubbish, sewage drains (= domovní kanalizace), industry
•    materials: nitrogen, ammonia, cyanophytes
•    fishes are dieing, less fresh water, diseases


Fashion and clothes

•    for Czech is typical proverb: “The clothes make a man.” it is true, when you see a person who has wonderful and expensive clothes or when you see a person in clothes of homeless, what you think about this person but clothes don’t make a better person only prettier person
•    there are different attitudes (= přístupy) to fashion people
­   - go to shop for new clothes every week, buy a magazine about fasion, spent a lot of money by clothes
­   - go to shop when they have a time, it is relaxion for them
­  -  go to shop only when haven’t any clothes
I am the second type – when I have a time I go to shop, it is relaxion for me and I like it, I don’t stress, I don’t need clothes from magazines or from fashion shows, I must feel good in clothes, but I must confess to (= přiznat se) I buy a magazines where is fashion, but there isn’t only fashion
boys and girls
­    -typical is girl love to by new clothes and boys hate it, today exist men who like it
­    -my boy-friend likes to buy or try wear to mountains like: waterproof jacket and trousers, wear for cycle: elastic trousers
­    exist boy who take care of themselves, it means the men use pink shirt, gel in hair, they are going to cosmetic salon but they are heterosexual, Czech expression for men like this is “šampónek” , it isn’t swear-word (= nadávka) – this boys loves fashion and buying new clothing
money
­    existed people who buy expensive fashion:
›    for women: Prada, Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Versace – ladies wear, romantic and elegant style
›    for men: Amani – famous because of gentlemen’s wear like suits
›    existed sports marks: Nike, Adidas, Fishbone, Puma, Power – better for sportsmen, f.e. have shoes Adidas is healthy for your feet and legs
­    you can buy clothe on Vietnam emporium (= tržnice) – I buy here shirts for one season
­    you can buy clothe on internet in e-shops: you choice which you want and put it in shopping basket, be affair you must pay or clothe, for post and they can slowly and so on
•    styles:
it exists a lot of styles of wearing and fashion:
­    Goths – people who like to listen sad music and wear in black – clothes in black, hair in black and make in black, but white skin
­    Barbie – girls or women who wear exactly by new fashion, spent a lot of money by clothes and look is very important for them
­    Skaters – men who wear big jeans, big shirt, baseball cap on head, skateboard in hand
­    Hip-hopers – the same wear but gold or silver chain (= řetěz) on neck, baseball cap or headband on head, listen hip-hop music and they are great in dance
­    Hippies style – natural materials, natural colours, flower, everything is free
­    Romantic style – it show femininity (= ženskost)
­    Elegance style – long coat, coat and skirt, pullover, trouser suit, dress
­    Sport style – jeans, shirt, sport shoes
I am something between Romantic style and Sport style, I like to take pullover ale jeans and court shoes or jean and shirt.
• opportunities:
­    go out with friends – girls and boys: jeans, shirt and sport shoes, me: + sunglasses (I like), big handbag
­    go to club – girls: jeans, court shoes with low heels (= lodičky s nízkými podpatky) because of dance, some nice shirt more sexy, long ear-rings, boy: jeans, skirt in white (often) and sport shoes
­    go to restaurant for eating – girls: jeans, skirt, black trousers, pullover, crew-neck sweater, blouse, boys: jeans and shirt
­    go to anniversary – girls: costume or coat and skirt, court shoes, elegant jewellery: f.e. necklace and bracelet from pearl, boys: suit, shirt, tie or bow tie (= motýlek), black shoes
­    go to ball – boys: suit, shirt, tie or bow tie (= motýlek), black shoes, girls: evening gown (= večerní šaty), cocktail dress
­    on own wedding – bridegroom (= ženich): suit (in black, in white, in light blue colour), shirt, tie or bow tie, shoes, bride: wedding dress, jewellery (necklace, bracelet, ear-rings, brooch, coronet in hair)
­    be at home – leisure wear, warm socks – I am cold all time
•    season:
­    spring – waistcoat (= vesta), pullover, jeans
­    summer – skirt, shirt, swimsuit, flip-flop, sandals, court shoes, barefooted in grass (I am allergic on bees and wasp)
­    autumn – waistcoat (= vesta), pullover, jeans, umbrella
­    winter – anorak with hood (= kapuca), sweater, gloves, jeans, boots (= kozačky)
•    materials:
­    natural – cotton, wool, silk, velvet (= samet), leather
­    artificial fibres – plush (= plyš)
­    best – crease-resistant (= nemačkavá), waterproof (= nepromokavá), non-iron
•    uniforms:
­    police – blue or black, special police cap
­    soldiers – green, masked
­    doctors – white cloak, white trousers, white shoes,  stethoscope on neck
­    nurses – white + blue uniform
­    uniforms in school in Britain – blazer, tie, shirt, trousers (girls – skirt), shoes
•    national costumes:
­    Scotland – men have skirt – make from tartan
­    Moravia – special uniforms

British customs and habits, celebrations

Customs in England:
•    drive on left side of road
•    they have parliament for 400 years
•    Queen pay tax
•    change guards
•    red two-storied buses
•    formal clothes to work (you think all of them are lawyers)
•    hunt for fox
•    on Sunday they have public speeches in Speaker corner
•    house boat (people live on boat on Temže)
•    Oxford – the oldest university, you pay 500 000 Czech pound per year
-    in dining room are 2 diners:
1.    informal
2.    formal – in black coats, students worst food + water, teachers better food + wine
•    fish and chips – fast food, for 100 years, simple: sausages and so on
•    ZOO in town – town children can see animals from village
•    British people are very polite and elegant, but typical is hooligans (= football fans)
•    queue (= fronty) – they wait but sometimes they push into bus or shop
•    the police is very polite and they can help you f.e. when you lost
•    the cold is typical for Britain and it costs a lot of money to have not cold at home
•    British people love animals but they have fox-hunting and it is horrible because dogs kill the fox 
January
New Year's Day
•    on 1st January, 1. day in Gregorian calendar
•    making New Year's resolutions (no smoking)
in Czech republic:
•    people go to church
•    people sleep (have drunk alcohol)
•    people say: “What we do or how we feel on New Year’s Day, we do it and feel it all year.”
February
Saint Valentine’s Day
•    on 14th February
•    legend: Emperor Claudius II. abolished marriage because soldiers aren’t good soldiers if they have wives or children. But priest Valentine still spliced couples and he was taken prison and executed. St. Valentine have become patron faithful and staunch (= oddané) love.
•    people fallen in love can express their feelings to each other
•    people sending Valentine’s cards, gifts and flowers
•    it’s commercial feast
in Czech republic:
•    people started to celebrate it (more and more  popular)
March
Pancake Day
•    or Shrove Tuesday, Mardi Gras, Carnival
•    eat pancakes made from flour, milk and eggs
•    pancake races – only women, men can’t, frying pan and run
April
April Fool’s Day
•    on 1st April
•    people make jokes from the other people (friends, enemies, neighbours, family)
•    TV stations and radio stations make jokes too
•    (exist people who doesn’t understand jokes or jokes needn’t be funny, f.e. head of company said the man: “You are sacking.” like joke, but the man had bad month and then he listened it, he committed suicide.)
in Czech republic:
•    I read: in 15th century people started to give crazy tasks f.e. bring me fly’s fat, light in back and so on
•    it celebrate a little bit
•    I don’t celebrate it
Easter
•    it celebrates the resurrection of Jesus
•    adult hide eggs (chocolate, hen’s, quail’s eggs) and children find eggs on garden or in flat and eat it
•    king or queen England must give special coin to people who are orphans, widows and so on
•    parades
in Czech republic:
•    boys have stock whips, water and some sprays and they go from house to house and hit girls with stock whips, pour water on them, girls usually become painted eggs and give to boys sweets, chocolates and this eggs
October
Halloween
•    on 31st October
•    from Hallowe’en – old Celtic word for Hallows evening
History
•    Celtic News Year was on the 31 October, Celts (ancestors of Irish, Scottish and Welsh) believed ghosts and witches are free, they walk and mingle with living
•    townspeople baked food all that day for them, in the evening dressed – resemble dead soul
•    but Christianity – 31October isn’t last day in year → celebration for children
•    in 1840s Irish people have gone to USA and it started to celebrate in USA too
Symbols
•    witches flying on broom, cats, ghosts, goblins, skeletons, spiders
Costumes
•    children dress costumes like witch, ghosts, skeleton, but supermen, batman too
Day
•    adult go to work and children go to school and at the evening children dress to costumes and adult (parents) stay at home
•    children come from door to door and say: “trick or treat “ – it means give me something or I will make dirty your house (ketchup, eggs) and adult give them sweets
•    people play game bobbing – prepare basket with water and apples, get hands behind back and try to take by mouth apples from water
Pumpkin
•    take knife and cut top of pumpkin
•    put over what is inside and seeds too
•    cut out eyes, mouth, nose
•    put top on pumpkin
•    now it isn’t pumpkin but jack-o’-lantern
•    can put inside candle or sweets
in Czech republic:
•    we celebrate All Souls' Day, we go to burial-place, set fire to candles and remember for dead people from family, burial-places are wonderful in this days, but I don’t go to burial-place since my grandfather has
November
Guy Fawkes Night
•    on 5th November
•    Guy Fawkes is Britain’s most famous terrorist
•    legend: on 5th November 1605, catholic Guy Fawkes with his collaborators planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill the King of England, James I., who was puritan. The plan was discovered, because one of collaborator warned his brother-in-law, who had to go to parliament too and Guy Fawkes was hanged
•    people celebrate it by setting off fireworks, they make models of Guy Fawkes and burn them on big bonfires.
December
Christmas
•    on 24th December 
•    has never been  holiday (a lot of people spend the day shopping)
•    children they hang up Christmas stockings at the end of their beds (larger gifts are under the Christmas tree)
•    they make cakes for Father Christmas to eat when he comes
•    Christmas tree – decorated with fairy lights and bright coloured ornaments (sweets and fruit or sparklers = prskavka are not hung on the tree)
•    rooms and houses are decorated too (sprig of mistletoe = větvička jmelí is hung in a central position or over the door – for kiss)
•    on 25th December – Christmas Day
•    morning – children unwrap = vybalují presents
•    at midday is lunch – it consist of roast turkey with chestnut stuffing = kaštanová nádivka and roast potatoes and Christmas pudding (special rich pudding made with lots of dried = sušený fruit, eggs, suet = lůj and very little flour)
•    sing carols on the radio, TV and churches (people sing at home too)
•    at teatime they eat a huge fruit cake, which is encrusted = pokrytý with marzipan and decorated with white icing = poleva
•    on 26th December  – Boxing Day
•    from custom in earlier times of giving postmen, milkmen, dustmen = popeláři, newspaper boys small sums of money
•    children have pantomime – traditional Christmas-time funny
•    adult go visiting parties in the evening
in Czech republic:
•    we have holiday on 24th December because it is main day of all Christmas in Czech republic, all day we are at home with our family, we prepare for diner and we decorate Christmas tree
•    at the evening we have a diner: fish and salad from potatoes
•    after diner we unwrap presents
•    on 25th December we are with my grandparents in Štramberk
•    on 26th December I am with my the second grandparents and with my father and his family in Ženklava
New Year’s Eve
•    the most important holiday is Christmas
•    people stay up till midnight (some people gather = shromáždit se in Trafalgar Square and celebrate the coming of the New Year with singing and dancing)
•    Hogmanay is the Scottish name for New Year’s Eve which is more celebrate than Christmas (guests arrival or only families alone eat haggis – cereals + entrails = vnitřnosti of sheep in sheep’s stomach 
•    at midnight people cross arms, link hands for a traditional song, „Auld Lang Syne“

American way of life, holidays and festivals

•    typical words for American: hamburger, Mc Donald, Coca-cola, Statue of Liberty, skyscrapers
•    go from home after 18 years
•    people in big cities haven’t driving licence – they have caps (yellow taxies)
•    everybody hurries everywhere
•    there are places where is savanna and desert where people live alone and places where is big cities and where live a lot of people
•    people in America live in 2 extremes:
-    in large detached house with garden on wonderful street in the suburb (= na předměstí) – everybody know everybody
-    in big block of flats or skyscrapers in city
•    today is more typical than Americans are fat
•    during working day they eat:
-    breakfast – big breakfast, all family together
-    lunch – adult eat with colleagues in work or in restaurant and children in school, it isn’t really lunch, it is only snake
-    diner – together all family again, it is main food of all day

January
New Year's Day
•    on 1st January, 1. day in Gregorian calendar
•    making New Year's resolutions (no smoking)
in Czech republic:
•    people go to church
•    people sleep (have drunk alcohol)
•    people say: “What we do or how we feel on New Year’s Day, we do it and feel it all year.”

February
Saint Valentine’s Day
•    on 14th February
•    legend: Emperor Claudius II. abolished marriage because soldiers aren’t good soldiers if they have wives or children. But priest Valentine still spliced couples and he was taken prison and executed. St. Valentine have become patron faithful and staunch (= oddané) love.
•    people fallen in love can express their feelings to each other
•    people sending Valentine’s cards, gifts and flowers
•    it’s commercial feast
in Czech republic:
•    people started to celebrate it (more and more  popular)

April
April Fool’s Day
•    on 1st April
•    people make jokes from the other people (friends, enemies, neighbours, family)
•    TV stations and radio stations make jokes too
•    (exist people who doesn’t understand jokes or jokes needn’t be funny, f.e. head of company said the man: “You are sacking.” like joke, but the man had bad month and then he listened it, he committed suicide.)
in Czech republic:
•    I read: in 15th century people started to give crazy tasks f.e. bring me fly’s fat, light in back and so on
•    it celebrate a little bit
•    I don’t celebrate it

Easter
•    it celebrates the resurrection of Jesus
•    adult hide eggs (chocolate, hen’s, quail’s eggs) and children find eggs on garden or in flat and eat it
•    king or queen England must give special coin to people who are orphans, widows and so on
•    parades
in Czech republic:
•    boys have stock whips, water and some sprays and they go from house to house and hit girls with stock whips, pour water on them, girls usually become painted eggs and give to boys sweets, chocolates and this eggs

July
Independence Day
•    on 4th July
•    American people celebrate separate of mother country Great Britain
•    history: America wasn’t America, it was only 13 colonies under control of Great Britain, high taxation + Americans can’t to be in Congress → in 1773 it was Boston Tea Party – Americans redress to Indian clothes and throw all tea from ship from Great Britain → George III. (king of England) was so angry and it started fights → on 4th July, in 1776 was signed The Americans Declaration of Independence, it was prepared by Thomas Jefferson and it was signed by 56 people → French soldiers help Americans and in 1783 – piece treaty
•    small mistake:
-    only for white men
-    no for women
-    no for slaves
-    no for poor people
•    they celebrate it: they have a lunch/diner, parades, big balloons (above parades, between street), fireworks

October
Halloween
•    on 31st October
•    from Hallowe’en – old Celtic word for Hallows evening
History
•    Celtic News Year was on the 31 October, Celts (ancestors of Irish, Scottish and Welsh) believed ghosts and witches are free, they walk and mingle with living
•    townspeople baked food all that day for them, in the evening dressed – resemble dead soul
•    but Christianity – 31October isn’t last day in year → celebration for children
•    in 1840s Irish people have gone to USA and it started to celebrate in USA too
Symbols
•    witches flying on broom, cats, ghosts, goblins, skeletons, spiders
Costumes
•    children dress costumes like witch, ghosts, skeleton, but supermen, batman too
Day
•    adult go to work and children go to school and at the evening children dress to costumes and adult (parents) stay at home
•    children come from door to door and say: “trick or treat “ – it means give me something or I will make dirty your house (ketchup, eggs) and adult give them sweets
•    people play game bobbing – prepare basket with water and apples, get hands behind back and try to take by mouth apples from water
Pumpkin
•    take knife and cut top of pumpkin
•    put over what is inside and seeds too
•    cut out eyes, mouth, nose
•    put top on pumpkin
•    now it isn’t pumpkin but jack-o’-lantern
•    can put inside candle or sweets
in Czech republic:
•    we celebrate All Souls' Day, we go to burial-place, set fire to candles and remember for dead people from family, burial-places are wonderful in this days, but I don’t go to burial-place since my grandfather has

November
Thanksgiving
•    on the fourth Thursday of November
•    history: Puritans (Pilgrim fathers) went from Great Britain to America, because of their religion, started new life, but they didn’t have a food and a lot of people died during winter, native inhabitants (Indians) taught them grow plants, hunting and gave them food
•    they have diner with all family, parades, watch American football
•    dinner: turkey, pumpkins, squashes and cranberries

December
Christmas
•    on 24th December 
•    has never been  holiday (a lot of people spend the day shopping)
•    children they hang up Christmas stockings at the end of their beds (larger gifts are under the Christmas tree)
•    they make cakes for Father Christmas to eat when he comes
•    Christmas tree – decorated with fairy lights and bright coloured ornaments (sweets and fruit or sparklers = prskavka are not hung on the tree)
•    rooms and houses are decorated too (sprig of mistletoe = větvička jmelí is hung in a central position or over the door – for kiss)
•    on 25th December – Christmas Day
•    morning – children unwrap = vybalují presents
•    at midday is lunch – it consist of roast turkey with chestnut stuffing = kaštanová nádivka and roast potatoes and Christmas pudding (special rich pudding made with lots of dried = sušený fruit, eggs, suet = lůj and very little flour)
•    sing carols on the radio, TV and churches (people sing at home too)
•    at teatime they eat a huge fruit cake, which is encrusted = pokrytý with marzipan and decorated with white icing = poleva
•    on 26th December  – Boxing Day
•    from custom in earlier times of giving postmen, milkmen, dustmen = popeláři, newspaper boys small sums of money
•    children have pantomime – traditional Christmas-time funny
•    adult go visiting parties in the evening
in Czech republic:
•    we have holiday on 24th December because it is main day of all Christmas in Czech republic, all day we are at home with our family, we prepare for diner and we decorate Christmas tree
•    at the evening we have a diner: fish and salad from potatoes
•    after diner we unwrap presents
•    on 25th December we are with my grandparents in Štramberk
•    on 26th December I am with my the second grandparents and with my father and his family in Ženklava

New Year’s Eve
•    the most important holiday is Christmas
•    people stay up till midnight (some people gather = shromáždit se in Trafalgar Square and celebrate the coming of the New Year with singing and dancing)
•    Hogmanay is the Scottish name for New Year’s Eve which is more celebrate than Christmas (guests arrival or only families alone eat haggis – cereals + entrails = vnitřnosti of sheep in sheep’s stomach 
•    at midnight people cross arms, link hands for a traditional song, „Auld Lang Syne“

American literature

Edgar Allan Poe
•    he was born in 1809, poem-writer, story-teller, critic
•    he lost both of parents and his childhood wasn’t nice
•    he tried to committed suicide
•    master of horror in literature and he was first who used detective in literature
writing:
The Raven and Other Poems – never more
The Murders In The Rue Morgue

Mark Twain
•    he was born in 1835, story-writer
•    MT is only nick – it means depth water on Mississippi
•    he lost father and his brother bought printing-works
writing:
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

John Steinbeck
•    he was born in 1902, story-writer
•    he studied university (biology, English literature)
•    in 1962 he hot a Nobel price
writing:
The Grapes of Wrath
Of Mice and Men

Ernest Miller Hemingway
•    he was born 21st July in 1899, in Illinois
•    his father is doctor and he had 6 brothers and sisters
•    American novel-writer, story-teller, journalist
•    main representatives of Lost generation
-    Lost generation – group of American authors in 20th century, they tried what is it war and they ceased (= přestat) believe in American dream, typical is regret and scepticism (= zklamání a skepse)
life:
•    he left home and became journalist after his school living exam and in 1918 he left to Italian, because of go to war like volunteer of Red cross, he was wounded (= raněn) – first wounded American – famous
•    after war he backed to the USA, he got married in 1920 (wife Halley), he had son
•    like foreign journalist he went with family to Paris where he met Gertrude Stain
-    she said: “My country is America, my home is Paris.” and she taught: “America is new world and Europe is old world, if you want be good writer you must know old world and how the people in old world wrote.”
-    Lost generation sucked from (= čerpat z) Shakespeare
•    he got married second wife in 1927 (wife Pauline), he had 2 sons again
•    he became writer, after that he travelled to Africa and to Spain
•    during the 2nd world war he lived in Cuba with his third wife (Marta) and in 1944 he was in London like journalist, where he met his forth wife (Mary)
•    after that he backed to USA
•    in 1953 he got Pulitzer price
•    in 1954 he got Nobel price for literature, for The Old man and the sea
•    at the end of life, he had psychic depression and in 1961 he committed suicide
style:
•    representation of psychic of person, method glacier – 1/8 (one eighth) is above water level, it is mean 1/8 of psychic of person we can see and know but the other is under his water level
•    he wrote about men, who had dangerous life (fisherman, soldiers)
•    it is celebration of their courage
•    subject: his writing is inspired of personal experience, war
writing:
•    The Old man and the sea
•    For Whom the Bell Tolls
•    A Farewell to Arms
Hlavním hrdinou této knihy je stařičký Santiago. Byl to vynikající rybář. V poslední době ho však opouštějí nejen síly, ale i štěstí. Už osmdesát dní neulovil žádnou větší rybu. Taky proto ho musel na příkaz rodičů opustit jeho mladý pomocník a přítel. Ten s ním nejen jezdil na ryby, ale nosil mu i jídlo a staral se o toho dobrosrdečného vyzáblého staříka, jehož ruce byly zjizvené hlubokými zářezy od toho, jak se lopotil s těžkými rybami na šňůrách. Žádná z těch jizev ale nebyla čerstvá. Všechno na něm bylo staré, až na jeho oči. Ty měly stejnou barvu jako moře a hleděly vesele a nezkroušeně. Když měl oči zavřené, byla jeho tvář jako bez života. Jednoho dne brzy zrána se stařec vypraví na břeh daleko od břehu a doufá, že konečně prolomí svou smůlu. A skutečně. Na udici mu zabere kousek, který sice nevidí, ale tuší, že půjde o jeho největší úlovek. Ryba ho však překvapí a táhne ho i s loďkou na širé moře. Santiago je po několika hodinách velice vyčerpán, ruce má rozedřené, hrdlo vyschlé. Ryba má ale výdrž a vytrvale pluje dál. Mezitím se zešeří a přichází večer. Loďka stále šplouchá černou vodou. Santiago probdí velice nezvyklou a fyzicky náročnou noc. Ryba se ale ani ráno nevzdá. Starci pomalu docházejí síly a chvilkami nemá daleko k mdlobám, přesto se mu nakonec podaří rybu, po dlouhém a namáhavém boji, hlavně díky svým dlouholetým zkušenostem a vytrvalosti zabít. Je mu jí velice líto, protože byla mimořádně klidná, sebevědomá a nebojácná a on ji za to obdivoval. Přiváže ji k loďce a vydává se k domovu. Po cestě mu ji však přes všecko jeho úsilí sežerou žraloci. Stařec nadobro vyčerpán se tedy vátí do své prosté chatrče z bambusu a usne. Ránu u moře postává skupinka lidí a nevěřícně a obdivně hledí na obrovitou kostru, přivázanou ke starcově loďce.Stařec a moře je symbolická novela. Zachycuje hluboce lidský příběh prostého starce, který vedl statečný ač beznadějný boj s mořem a žraloky o svůj úlovek a stala se obrazem nikdy nekončícího zápasu člověka s přírodou. Jejím smyslem je poukázat na obrovskou lidskou statečnost nezdolnou duševní sílu. Novela, která je zároveň autorovým životním krédem, plným právem přispěla k k tomu, že se Ernest Hemingway stal největší postavou americké literatury první poloviny 20. století. Knihy je napsána pro Hemingwaye charakteristickým novátorským stylem, který se vyznačuje hlavně skrytou dramatičností zdánlivě střízlivých popisů a strohostí výpovědí. Jeho hrdinové prokazují mimořádně lidské kvality. Je napsána poutavým úsporným stylem, který doprovází určitá dynamika. Autor použil chronologický kompoziční postup. Ze stylistických postupů je ve velké míře zastoupen hlavně úvahový a popisný. Jazyk je spisovný, objevuje se zde spousta cizích slov – převážně z rybářského prostředí.

British literature

•    during Middle age, Roman Catholic Church was criticised by John Wyclef a professor of Oxford University, he translated the whole Bible into English and inspired our John Hus
Renaissance
•    very important in this period is person and they wrote about him
•    there was early printed book
William Shakespeare
•    he was born on 23rd April in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon and he died on 23rd April in 1616 in Stratford-upon-Avon
-    I can’t remember date when he was born, because it’s the same date when I was born
•    English play writer and poet, very important for European drama and he was actor too
life:
•    we don’t know exactly when he was born and sometimes it's said: He was born on 23rd April and he was baptized on 26th April
•    his father was glovemaker (= rukavičkář) and he had 7 brothers and sisters
•    he studied on secondary school in his native town
•    when he was 18, he married Anne Hathaway (she was 26 in this time)
•    Shakespeare has 3 children (Susann and twins Judith and Hamnet – Hamnet dead when he was 11.)
•    in 1592 Shakespeare joined the nomad actors and he moved to London, but in 1593 and 1594 London theatres were closed because of plague (Black Death) and he started to write poems
•    after that he was member of theatre company Lord Chamberlain’s Men and he was actor and play writer
•    in 1599 this company removed to theatre Globe and Shakespeare became owner one tenth but it burnt out
•    he came back to his wife and children where he died

•    in history his existence was impugned (=zpochybňována), maybe Shakespeare was nick for Francis Bacon
•    now we know, he really existed
style:
•    he live in Renaissance time
•    women are honourable and proud
•    he write by blankvers …
writing:
•    he wrote 39 plays
•    we can divided his writing into 2 parts:
-    until 16th century:
comedies:
The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Taming of the Shrew
histories:
Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Richard II, Richard III
tragedies:
Romeo and Juliet
-    after 16th century: he wrote only tragedies
Hamlet, Othello, Julius Caesar

The Merchant of Venice
characters:    
Bassanio – young man, who wants women (Porcie) but he needs money, he asks good friend for money
Gratiano – Bassanio’s servant and good friend
Merchant Antonio – good friend of Bassanio, he lent money him
usurer (=lichvář) Shylock – Judaical money-lender
Porcie – lady from Belmond, she is rich and beautiful
Nerissa – Porcie’s servant and good friend

plot:
Bassanio wants women Porcie but he needs money, because all of princes and rich men want her. He asked good friend for money and he told him: „I will lend you money, but my ships are at the sea. Many people here know me. They lend me and I will give it to you, I will pay it back when my ships return.”
But he lent it of usurer Shylock. He doesn’t like him. He told: „If you don’t pay me back it at the end of 3 months, you must give me a pound of your flesh.“ Antonio agreed.
Bassanio went with Gratiano to Porcie and he won her heart in her game: 3 box – gold, silver and lead. Lead was right and Bassanio have chosen it. Porcie loves Bassanio and her servant Nerissa loves Gratiano.
But Antonio wrote letter to Bassanio: „My ships are all lost. I cannot pay Shylock…“ Bassanio and Gratiano came back and Porcie and Nerissa, they put on the clothes and pretended to be a judge and judge’s servant. Bassanio and Gratiano didn’t know them. Porcie has saved Antonio’s life and Shylock had to give away money (to his daughter and her lover).
Pocie told them true about judge and gave Antonio letter: Ships weren’t lost at sea, they were safe in Venice…

A Midsummer Night’s Dream
characters:    
Egeus – father of Hermie
Lysander – loves Hermie
Hermia – loves Lysandr but she musts get married Demetrius.
Demetrius – loves Hermie, first he loved Helena, now only she loves him
Helena – friend of Hermie
Titania – fairy queen in wood
Oberon – fairy king in wood
Puck – servant of Oberon
Bottom – stupid man, actor

plot:
Egeus wants her daughter get married Demetrius but she loves Lysander. They escaped to wood. They wanted to go long away from Athens where Lysander’s aunt lives.
But Hermia told about their plan to Helena. Helena was so desperate and told it to Demetrius. Demetrius went to wood and wanted to kill Lysander. Helena went there too.
Dramatic actors prepared drama in the wood and in this time Titanie falls out with her husband Oberon. Oberon: „Go Puck and find flower Lazy love, it has a very spacial kind of juice inside. When woman or man is asleep, you put magic juice on their eyes, they wake up and fall in love with the first person or animal that they see.“
Oberon put juice on eyes of Titania and Puck put on eyes of Lysander, who sleep with Hermia in meadlow. Lysander wakes up and saw Helena and fallen in love with her.
Puck changed Bottom’s head into the head of a donkey. Titania wakes up and saw Bottom, she loves him too.
Oberon went mad (= naštvat se) for Puck: „You have put the juice on the eyes of wrong man, it wasn’t Demetrius but Lysander, who fell in love with Helena.“ Puck put juice on eyes of Demetrius and he fell in love with Helena too. But Lysander doesn’t like Hermia…
Oberon put in order everything. He reconciled with Titania, Bottom had his head, Lysander loves Hermia and Hermia loves Lysander, Helena loves Demetrius and Demetrius loves Helena.

Hamlet
characters:    
Hamlet – prince of Denmark
Hamlet’s father – king of Denmark, he is dead
(Hamlet’s uncle) Claudius – bad man, new king
(Hamlet’s mother) Gertrude – new wife of Claudius, queen of Denmark
Horatio, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern – friends of Hamlet
Ophelia – girlfriend of Hamlet
Polonius – Ophelia’s father
Laertes – Ophelia’s brother

plot:
Hamlet’s father died from suspicious circumstances. Claudius married Hamlet’s mother Gertrude and he became king of Denmark. It looks like it was Claudius, who killed Hamlet’s father.
One night Hamlet’s father manifested him and he told him: „Your uncle killed me, he poured poison into my ears.“ Hamlet decided avenge oneself on Claudius for father’s death. Everybody thing: „Hamlet is mad.“
He wants to be sure and he pripared drama with actors, who Caludius invided. Drama is about real death of his father. Claudius is horrified. Queen called his son and he told her true about father‘s ghost and she doesn’t belive him.
Polonius wants to know what happen and he hided behind a cutain in the queen’s room. Hamlet heard him and think: „It’s Claudius“ and he killed Polonius.
King sent hamlet to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, they were his friend but Claudius had plan and his friends knew about it: In England king must to kill Hamlet. Hamlet discovered it and came back to Denmark.
Ophelia went mad and drown in river. Laertes came back from France and he hated Hamlet. They had to fight. Laertes and Claudius had plane: Claudius will give Hamlet wine with poison and Laertes will have poison on his sword.
But Gertrude drank wine and dead, Hamlet pinked Laertes with his sword and Laertes dead, Hamlet know everything and killed Claudius and because Laertes’s sword hit him too, he asked Horatio: „Tell everybody my story“ and he dead too.

Julius Caesar
characters:    
Julius Caesar – he was the ruler of Rome
Brutus – Caesar’s good friend, but he was worried him.
Cassius – he never liked Caesar
Mark Antony – Caesar’s best friend
Lucius – servant of Brutus
Calpurnia – wife of Caesar
Decius – friend of Cassius
Octavius – nephew of Caesar

plot:
Julius Caesar had great power, but after some time he wanted more… Brutus and Cassius think: Caesar has a lot of power, it’s not good.
In the night, there was a great storm in the city and it was foreboding. Brutus, Cassius and their „group“ decided that they will kill Caesar. Wife of Caesar had dream about his death and she prayed him: „Don’t go out today.“
But he goes and they killed him. Mark Antony showed Caesar’s dead body to crowd and Brutus had „wonderful“ speech about Caesar: „I do everything for Rome, I will kill myself, when Rome will want it. It was good for Rome, killed Caesar.“
But Mark Antony had sincere and real speech. It began battle between Cassius – Brutus and Mark Antony –  Octavius, who went to Rome, visited uncle.  Mark Antony – Octavius won.

My opinion:
I like this book very much. It was great! I like stories from Shakespeare because he is excellent writer. I like The Merchant of Venice and A Midsummer Night’s Dream because I love „happy-end“.
A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a little bit complicated story, there are a lot of names, but I understand it good after read.
I like Hamlet, but he should not dead, he was good man, good son, but a little bit bizzare, because he think only about vengeance.
I don’t like Julius Caesar’s end, because I don’t understand description of battle in Czech language and in English it’s not better… But in the beginning was good I like history and Julius Caesar is one of most famous men of world’s history.

Romanticism
•    in 19th century
•    typical places are castle, dark woods, lakes, burial-place, autobiography
•    they want love and when they fallen in love they are unhappy
George Gordon Byron
•    he was born in 1788
•    he left family and wife and travelled around world
•    he dead because of plaque
writing:
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

Percy Bysshe Shelley
•    he was born in 1792
•    he must left university because of atheism
writing:
Prometheus Unbound

Walter Scott
•    he was born in 1771
•    he wrote historical novels and stories and he was very famous
writing:
Waverley, Ivanhoe

Realism
•    in 19th century
•    typical is true and present not past
Charles Dickens
•    his father was in prison and he worked when he was child
•    he married but he left family because of actress
•    when he wrote The Pickwick Papers he became famous
writing:
The Pickwick Papers
Oliver Twist
Davis Copperfield

Decadence
•    between 19th  and 20th century
•    vagrancy, alcohol, Satanism
Oscar Wild
•    he was clever, famous, elegant and people liked him
•    he was from good and rich family
•    but after that he was homosexual and society hated him
writing:
Picture of Dorian Gray

Only to say:
J. R. R. Tolkien
J. K. Rowling

Housing

•    I live in flat with my mother, step father and brother.
•    our block of flat is small, it has only 4 floors
•    our surrounding is wonderful, we live in calm part of our town, my basic school was 200m of my home
•    our flat is modern, very nice and my mother is expert by decoration of our flat, I like my home very much
­    in our flat, there is hall, it made from wood and the wood smells very nice, when you open a door
­    on the left side, there are bathroom and toilet together, there are tiles on the floor and on the wall too, we haven’t a bathtub, we have only shower bath
bathroom is in green colour, because of tiles and mother’s decoration and shower bath, washbasin (= pračka) sideboards and toilet are white
­when you leave our hall, you are in dining room, which is joined with living room and kitchen joined it is mean we haven’t a door or wall there, but in reality it is separated by colour or using
­ dinig room is decorade by wood on the wall and all things are make from wood there, there is a table with 4 chairs, comode and big open sideboard
­ living room is make from wood too, but it has black colour, there is a unit furniture, TV set (it mean TV, video, DVD recorder and so one), there is a glass coffe table (it is smoked glass - dark) and a three-piece suite in green colour with black narrow strips
­ kitchen is in white colour, it is a little bit impractical, there is fridge, washer (= myška), cooker, electric oven and there is a sink unit, which is light brown colour
­ bedroom of my parents, it is smaller room in our flar, there is TV set, bed and shelves the last is bedroom of me and my brother, it is very large room, there are 4 tall wardrobes and 2 of them are 2 big mirrors, there are 3 tables: the table, where is computer, my brother’s table and my, where is a lot of papers to school, books, which I am reading, calendar with dogs, photos of my family, me and Ondra, jewel box (=šperkovnice) and box for pencils, crayon and felt tips (= fixy) and I have blue revolving chair, above table of my brother is TV set and we sleep on bunk bed, there is waste-paper basket,
•    I like my home and I would like to change only one thing: I have never had my own room. I would like to have room only for me (posters of stars, my own computer, own bed) and I can go to sleep when I want and listen music when I want and so on
•    my favourite: bedroom of me and my brother – learn here, read, prepare to school, dance, listen a music, watch TV, eat here
•    paremts: my mum is from town (Kopřivnice) and my father from villige (Ženklava), they lived together in Kopřivnice, but my parents are divorced now
­    I live with my mum in Kopřivnice my father has family (wife and children) in Bartošovice, they live in detached house with garden and swiming pool, now I seldom visit him, I stopped to visit him when I was 10 his house is very nice and large, there are 2 floors, in 1st floor is kitchen and dining room and in 2nd floor is bedroom of my brother and stepbrothers and bedroom of my father and my stepmother and large living room
­    I don’t like my bed there, the roof under my bed is skewed (= strop je zkosený) and I hurt every morning
•    I never want to live with my parents in one house when I will be married, parents want to safe and help their children all life – me and my future husband will have a problem – we will solve this problem, but parents will want to help and you can say to neighbour: “Don’t discard me, please” (= nestarej se o mě, prosím)
•    all my neighbours in our block of flat is pensioners
­    all the time at home, scullionly swear (= sprostě nadávají) at politicians and goverment, smoke a lot of, gossip about everything (= drbou o) and they want, you must be calm at 8 pm
­    on the other side – our house is clean, garden in front of our block if flat is wonderfull, care about side-walk (= chodník), bushes, grass and when snow, our stairs and side-walk is buldoze at 7 am
•    I would like to live in this country, my aunt (sister of my father) live in Switzerland 10 years, she is happy but my grandparents are very sad, they can’t to see their grandchildren (Joel and Cyril – speak Germany, understand Germany and Czech)
•    I would like to live in village but now I live in town
­ town:
advantage – buses goes often, a lot of shops, people don’t know you
disadvantage – smog, a lot of cars, buses, dangerous village
advantage – nature, good relations, calm, you can sunbathe on garden (naked too)
disadvantage – gossips, one shop for all village, everywhere must go by car or bus
•    I would like to live in house in Ženklava, it is detached house, there are 8 rooms and 2 floors:
­    in 1st floor hall where are a lot of flowers, table and chairs make from wood, on table is telephone (horrible – sit and talk and talk), there is tiled floor (bacause of grandfather) room for guests there is parguet floor and a unit furniture, TV set, a folding three-piece suite and table, there are a lot of flowers too (my grandparents – large garden, love flowers, my grandgrandfather was gardener furnace room there is gas furnace (= plynový kotel) and spiders (I hate this place)
­stairs without banister
­    in 2nd floor:
­    bathroom – white color, there are bathtub, washbasin, toilet, sideboards, on the floor and wall are tiles
­    living room – computer, a three-piece suite in black colour, a coffe table, TV set, I love glass wall poster where are photos of me, my brothers, stepbrother and my cousins, in time when we were babies until todays dining room and kitchen are together, there is fridge, electric oven and cooker and grandmother said: “I am washer.”, table and chairs of course bedroom for my grandparents, there are bed, a bedside tables: grandmother – books by Roberts and Sandra Brown (about love) and grandfather – books and magazines about garden, science and history  there is large balcony, where we have a breakfast and lunch in summer and in night you can watch stars on sk attic there is everything, grandparents dry a flower for tea and clothes there, there are spider too, I hate it too around of house is garden, large garden, there are trees: fruit, decorative and lime tree (=lípa) 300 year-old – we can’t to cut it, I want a swiming pool there – grandfather wants small lake with fishes and ducks  on garden is a garage, where is car, lawn mower, bikes and utility room for my grandfather, under garage is cellar, there is apples, potatoes, wine and spiders too
•    I would like to live here, it is very modern house, I would like to change only, room for guests and make bedroom for children:
­    large room, when children will be small they will be together in this room, carpet will be blue with cars (boys) or barbies (girls) and on wall will be paint small mole (= malý krtek – krteček) with mouse in grass, there will be a lot of toys, bunk bed and a wall unit from wood, the room will be shiny and light
­    when they will be older (about 12) we will build a wall in the midle of the room and both of them will have own room, there will be table, chair, computer, bed and everything what they need
•    problem homelles:
­    people, who lost work or family or house because of fire and so one
­    sometime they try have a work, find a flat
­    sometime they are only drinkers and they don’t want to work and have a home
•    today is very modern to have a detached house or a week, when you live in big city
­    it is better economic situation and people build new houses, behind my block of flat are a lot of new houses (wonderfull but sometime horrible colour)
­in England is typicipal to live in detached house, is expensive to buy a house, but it is cheaper to live in detached house than live in flat all life
­ in London: house boat (people live on boat on Temže)
in the USA, there are places where is savanna and desert where people live alone and places where is big cities and where live a lot of people
people in America live in 2 extremes: in large detached house with garden on wonderful street in the suburb(= na předměstí) – everybody know everybodyin big block of flats or skyscrapers in city
­  

Health and Diseases, Human Body

1) The human body
•    skeleton = kostra consisting of about 206 bones
-    bones connected by joints = klouby
-    backbone (33 – 34 vertebrae)
-    brainpan = lebka, chest = hrudní koš
-    upper limbs = horní končetiny: arm: shoulder, upper arm, elbow = loket, forearm = předloktí, wrist = zápěstí, hand with fingers
-    fingers: thumb, forefinger, middle-finger, ring-finger, little-finger
-    lower limbs = spodní končetiny: leg: thigh = stehno, knee, calf = lýtko, ankle = kotník, foot with toes

•    muscles – 640 muscles in body
•    skin covers bones, muscles and organs

•    the head
-    brain is in brainpan – centre of thinking
-    forehead = čelo, cheeks = tváře
-    eyes: organs of sight: can be dark, brown, blue, green; people can need spectacles for near (or distant) vision or to be blind
-    nose: organ of smell: for (nasal) breathing = nosní dých.
-    ears: organs of hearing; people can be deaf = hluchý
-    mouth: tongue – organ of taste and talking, in are 32 teeth (children – deciduous = opadávající teeth), is cover by lips for drinking, suck, talk and smile too (you need 36 muscles for one smile)
-    hair: cover of the scalp: can be dark, black, brown, blonde, white in old age; skinhead
-    chin = brada: men: beard, moustache

•    the trunk = trup
-    inside are organs:
-    lungs = plíce: changing oxygen to carbon dioxide
-    heart: pumps fresh blood into the body
-    liver = játra: cleans blood
-    kidneys = ledviny: removes waste liquids = znečištěnou kapalinu from blood
-    stomach: processing of food

2) Diseases
•    typical in history:
-    plague = mor: symptoms: fever = horečka, shakes, sore joints = bolesní kloubů, bumps = boule like egg, treatment = léčba: in history: alcohol, today: vaccine
•    typical child diseases:
-    pox = neštovice: symptoms: fever, rash = vyrážka, treatment: liquid powder and tablets
•    general diseases
-    flu = chřipka: symptoms: fever, cold, cough = kašel, treatment: gargle = kloktadlo, drops and tablets
-    tonsillitis = angina: symptoms: sore throat = bolení v krku, treatment: gargle and tablets
-    cold (very typical): treatment: drops
•    untypical diseases
-    sunstroke = úpal: symptoms: fever, vomit = zvracení, treatment: tablets and sleeping
-    pneumonia  = zápal plic: symptoms: sore throat = bolení v krku, treatment: gargle and tablets
•    fatal diseases
-    cancer = rakovina: symptoms: bumps, treatment: operation or chemotherapy
-    heart stroke = infarct: symptoms: sore in left arm, in heart, bad breathing, treatment: operation
3) Treatment
-    drinking hot tea
-    eating lots of fruit with vitamin C
-    sleeping, relaxing
-    tablets, drops
-    in fatal diseases: go to the doctor

4) Accident
•    if somebody:
-    break an arm or leg: go to the hospital or doctor with him, go for an X-ray = rentgen, he gets the bones in plaster
-    has injured head: try to don’t move with him, call the doctor
-    bleed: try to stop it too, bind it the closest to the = nejblíže k heart

•    if you
-    break an arm or leg: call help, go to the hospital or doctor with him, go for an X-ray = rentgen, he gets the bones in plaster
-    has injured head: call help, do nothing alone, you must go to doctor, maybe you will have comatose
-    bleed: try to stop it too, bind it the closest to the = nejblíže k heart, don’t strain a lot of, go very quickly to doctor